Background:Depression and obesity are disorders of stress with a dose dependent relationship between the both. The adverse health and social consequences are significant, when depression and obesity co-exist. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of depression among overweight and obese patients in a large station of Armed Forces and associate other risk factors of depression.Methods:This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in the general OPD of large Station medicare centre (SMC) on overweight and obese personnel. Data was collected by self-administered Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess the risk for depression over a period of one month.Results:In this study, out of 106 individuals, 71 (67%) were overweight and 35 (33%) were obese, as per WHO criteria. Of the individuals assessed, 13 (12%) individuals were found to have risk of moderate depression, 58 (54%) for mild depression and 35 (33%) individuals had no risk for clinically significant depression. The likelihood of depression was most strongly associated with BMI followed by age, status of living with family and habit of drinking alcohol.Conclusion:Obesity and depressive disorders are common comorbidities with overlapping pathophysiology whose co-existence leads to exponential adverse health outcomes. The outcome of depression and obesity is to be managed comprehensively by psychological counseling and life style modification.
Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rest tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, gait dysfunction, and several non-motor symptoms. The marked difference in drug response and adverse effect profile among patients led to search of genetic markers and polymorphism associated with response to antiparkinsonian drugs which will enable us to predict an individual's response to drugs in terms of both efficacy and toxicity. Hence, efforts to define the role of genetic polymorphism in optimizing pharmacotherapy of PD have been undertaken and some promising genetic loci for the treatment have been determined. Therefore, we aim to present a critical review of pharmacogenetic aspects of levodopa, dopamine agonists (DAs), and catecol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors and describe gene polymorphism of interest for future research.
Methods:The PubMed database was searched using the keywords "parkinsonism," "antiparkinsonian drugs," "levodopa," "DAs," "COMT inhibitors," "pharmacogenomics," and "polymorphism." Abstracts and review articles were included for the study.
Results and Conclusion:Studies conducted in different settings suggest that pharmacogenomics plays a significant role in Parkinsonism drug therapy. The gene/drug pairings with the strongest potential for pharmacogenetic recommendations include COMT allele/levodopa and entacapone, dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2)/ropinirole, pramipexole, and DRD3/ropinirole and pramipexole. It can be concluded that with the rapid development of genotyping platforms, genome-wide association study can be performed to analyze polymorphism associated with inefficient treatment or adverse effects. Hence, individualized therapy of PD for better patient care can be achieved by targeted genetic testing.
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