Dental professionals face a lot of challenges in treatment of impacted canine due its position. Localisation of impacted canine in diagnosis and treatment is important. There are various radiographic methods in localization of impacted canine. In this article, different radiographic methods in the diagnosis of impacted canine. The use of periapical radiograph, panoramic radiograph, occlusal radiograph, CT scan, and CBCT have been reviewed using various literature. CBCT gives an accurate dimension and position of impacted canine.
Objectives: Antiplatelet therapy with either clopidogrel alone or in combination with aspirin is the mainstay prophylactic drug therapy followingpercutaneous coronary intervention and long-term prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Non-responders/semi-responders toclopidogrel are reported to have increased incidences of adverse outcomes like recurrent ischemic attacks. Variability in response to clopidogrel ismore common among Asians, and it is as high as 70% in some of the Asian communities. Researchers attribute inter-individual variations in responseto clopidogrel to various pharmacogenetic determinants. Polymorphisms of multidrug resistance protein 1, CYP2C19 and its alleles, P2Yadenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor are concluded to be specific to clopidogrel resistance in Indian population.Methods: A thorough literature search was done use different keywords such as clopidogrel resistance, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogeneticvariability, and ethnic variability from database sources such as Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed Central, and Scopus.Results and Conclusion: Literature revealed a disparity between various pharmacogenetic determinants of clopidogrel resistance, particularly inthe Asian population. Few studies suggest that there is no significant association between clopidogrel response variability and ADP receptor P2Yand P2Y gene polymorphisms. Variation in the cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) gene coding for the CYP2C19 enzyme, involved in metabolismand conversion of the clopidogrel to active metabolites is considered one of the major determinants of clopidogrel resistance in some populations.Pooled data from various studies suggest that variability in clopidogrel response cannot be attributed to a single gene polymorphism and is thoughtto be multifactorial. However, disparity in the data related to the specific gene polymorphisms responsible for the encountered clopidogrel resistancenecessitates the further evaluation of genome.12Keywords: Clopidogrel, Clopidogrel resistance, Single gene polymorphisms, Inter-individual variability.1, and P2Y121
Irritational fi broma is a reactive lesion that is among the most common oral soft -tissue lesions, caused due to local trauma or irritation by plaque, calculus, overhanging margins, and restorations. It is most commonly seen on buccal mucosa along the line of occlusion in third to fourth decade of life. Th e second most common site is the maxillary anterior gingiva. Th e color is usually same as the surrounding mucosa and consistency is soft to fi rm. Th is paper aims to present a rare case of irritational fi broma of gingiva in a 15-year-old adolescent female patient.
To achieve maximum contraceptive effectiveness Levonorgestrel tablets (LNGL) are taken exactly as directed and at intervals not exceeding 24 hours. The possibility of ovulation and conception prior to initiation of medication should be considered. Levonorgestrel pill was chosen for our research study since it is widely used by the people to be in command of the unwanted pregnancy and is the number one leading pill in the urban area throughout India. The cornerstone experimental animal in the study of cellular and molecular genetics for over 50 years has been the ubiquitous fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Wheat's cream media with different concentrations from 0.1mg to 3.0mg of LNGL was prepared to culture Oregon strain of Drosophila melanogaster. Proteins, Carbohydrates and Lipids were isolated and estimated to study the hamperness in the ecdysis of Drosophila melanogaster and also to find out the morphological and toxicological effect. Results were encouraging us to go to the molecular level. Large amount of triglycerides were deposited in the abdomen of drosophila, protein concentration was more in experimental specimen than the control, and number of phenotypic variations were found with the flies treated with medicated LNGL media. "A survey was carried out on the consumption of Levonorgestrel pill in Bangalore urban area, India" in Gynecology department at various hospitals in and around Bangalore, the symptoms seen in the subjects will be presented as evidential proof with respect to our research.
INTRODUCTIONEpilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures, may be associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. This disorder affects 50 million people worldwide and hence, is one of the most common neurological disorder. Despite the availability of a wide range of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), about one-third of individuals with epilepsy still experience seizures that do not respond to medication.2 Thus, an urgent need exist for effective therapies to be developed. In spite of the vast number of drugs introduced for the treatment of epilepsy, there is still a need for an ideal antiepileptic agent with broad spectrum of activity, rapid onset of action, more economical and least side effects.Epilepsy may be associated with other comorbid conditions like hypertension, diabetes, renal disorders etc. Many researches are in progress, to prove if the drugs used for these disorders like ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, AT II receptor antagonist etc. have any effect on seizure prevention. ABSTRACTBackground: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures, may be associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. Objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the anticonvulsant activity of different doses of imidapril and quinapril in animal models of epilepsy. Methods: Swiss albino mice weighing around 25-30g of either sex were divided into 6 groups: control (R.O-10 ml/kg), standard-sodium valproate (40 mg/kg), Q1-quinapril (1.5 mg/kg), Q2-quinapril (10.4 mg/kg), I1-imidapril (0.65mg/kg) and I2-imidapril (2.6 mg/kg). 1 hour after administration of control, test and standard drugs (orally) test was conducted. Convulsions were induced by administering PTZ (70 mg/kg-i.p.) in PTZ model. Seizure latency was the parameter recorded. In MES model, maximal seizures were evoked by supra maximal electroshock stimulation of 50 mA, 50 HZ for 0.2 seconds by using conventional electro convulsion meter. Suppression of tonic hind limb extension was taken as measure of efficacy. Results: The results were analysed by one-way-ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. In MES test, dose dependently quinapril and imidapril significantly reduced the duration of tonic hind limb extension in comparison to control (p<0.05) percentage inhibition of seizures by I2 is 58.1%, I1-38.6%, Q2-19.7% and Q1-12.2% with maximum inhibition of seizure produced by I2 in comparison to control in MES test. In PTZ test, dose dependently quinapril and imidapril produced significant increase in seizure latency (p<0.05). Percentage inhibition of seizures by I2-65.8%, I1-59.3%, Q2-50.9% and Q1-33.5% in comparison to control. Conclusions: Quinapril and imidapril in a dose dependent manner showed increase in antiepileptic activity, imidapril has better antiepileptic activity when compared to quinapril.
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