The aim of the study was to analyse and identify microbial constituents in the water and sediment samples with comparison of the River to World Health Organisation (WHO, 2011) standard for drinking water and Federal Ministry of Environment (FME, 2006) and their public health implications with respect to water quality. The microbial assay of Otamiri River was investigated using Standard plate count. The result indicates that microbial constituents of Otamiri river obtained at five strategic gauge stations designated SSWS 1 (Egbu), SSWS 2 (Timber Market), SSWS 3 (FUTO), DOWNSTREAM (Mbirichi) and CONTROL POINT with mean Total coliform Count of 3.0 × 10 2 , 3.0 × 10 3 , 4.1 × 10 3 and 1.0 × 10 3 cfu/100ml with control point value of 0.5 × 10 3 respectively. The mean Total Bacteria Count was 3.0 × 10 4 , 2.1 × 10 3 , 1.1 × 10 3 and 0.8 × 10 3 cfu/100ml respectively with control point value of 0.2 × 10 3 while the mean values for Total E. coli Count were 1.1 × 10 2 , 3.0 × 10 2 , 4 × 10 3 and 2.0 × 10 3 cfu/100ml with control point value of 0.2 × 10 3. The biochemical identification of some organisms in water was Escherichia coli, Vibro spp., Klebsiella spp., and Entrobacteria spp. The result of stream sediment samples indicates that the mean Total Bacterial Count was 3.5 × 10 4 , 5.0 × 10 4 , 6.5 × 10 4 and 2.0 × 10 4 cfu/g respectively with 1.5 × 10 2 as control point value and that of Total Coliform Count was 6.5 × 10 3 , 2.0 × 10 3 , 2.5 × 10 3 and 0.8 × 10 3 cfu/g respectively with control point value of 0.5 × 10 2. While for the Total E. coli Count, the values were 2.5 × 10 3 , 1.0 × 10 3 , 2.5 × 10 3 and 0.5 × 10 5 cfu/g respective with control as 0.5 × 10 2. Biochemical identification of some organisms in sediments includes: Escherichia coli, Vibro spp., Klebsiella spp., Entrobacteria spp. and Bacillus spp.
The determination of the mineralogical composition of rocks that underlie Okom-Ita area, in Oban Massif became necessary for the interpretation of the petrogenesis and protoliths of rocks in the area. Twelve representative rock samples were selected for thin section petrography and bulk rock geochemical analysis. The results reveal that the dominant intrusive rocks in Okom-Ita area are pegmatites, quartz veins and dolerites emplaced within gneisses, schists and phyllites host rocks. The quartz veins and pegmatites are leucocratic consisting predominantly of quartz, plagioclase and subordinate amount of Muscovites. The dolerite is dark grey, fine to medium grained and texturally ophitic and consists dominantly of pyroxenes, olivine and opaques. Three varieties of gneisses were recognized: feldspathic, banded and biotite gneisses. The gneisses, schists, and phyllites are dominated by SiO2 in the range of (60% -75%). The rocks exhibit higher molecular concentration {Al 2 O 3 > (CaO + Na 2 O + K 2 O)}, high alkali concentration with Na 2 O > K 2 O, high Al 2 O 3 to alkali ratios and low TiO 2 , CaO and MgO concentrations. These distribution trends suggest a compensation for the high silica and alumina concentrations and support a granitic protolith for the pegmatites and their host gneisses and schists. The dolerites and amphibolites are impoverished in SiO 2 , but relatively enriched in lime and alkali oxides. Plots in the AFM, TiO diagrams show that the pegmatite was derived from calc-alkaline magmatic source, while the dolerite was derived from tholeiitic basalt magma.
Persea Americana is well known for its short shelf life while the seed is widely considered a waste material by domestic consumers and industry processors. This paper presents the results of the study carried out to evaluate the possibility of using three parts of the Persea Americana namely: its seed, a combination of the Persea Americana seed and its pulp and the Persea Americana pulp as filtration loss control additives in a non-aqueous drilling fluid while using Sodium Asphalt Sulfonate as a control. The evaluation was conducted under high pressure, high temperature (HPHT) static filtration test conditions (at 250°F and 500 psi) based on American Petroleum Institute Standard. From the study, the result showed that all three samples from the Persea Americana fruit showed good potential to control filtration loss when used to formulate a synthetic oil based mud. The filtration control capacity increased as their concentration in the mud was increased. However, in comparison, the pulp was 2.5 times and 1.5 times more efficient in controlling filtration loss when compared to the seed only and the seed and pulp combination respectively. Also, in terms of filtrate volume and filtered cake thickness, an equal concentration of Sodium Asphalt Sulfonate and the proposed additive gave good results; but the existing filtration loss control additive is slightly better than the proposed one. The low fluid loss volumes recorded with Persea Americana as fluid loss additives at HPHT conditions is an indication of its stability at elevated temperature conditions. The cake thickness was thin, impermeable and 1mm in size for all the samples of the Persea Americana. This meets the API requirement of mud cake thickness of less than 2mm.
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