The aim of the study was to analyse and identify microbial constituents in the water and sediment samples with comparison of the River to World Health Organisation (WHO, 2011) standard for drinking water and Federal Ministry of Environment (FME, 2006) and their public health implications with respect to water quality. The microbial assay of Otamiri River was investigated using Standard plate count. The result indicates that microbial constituents of Otamiri river obtained at five strategic gauge stations designated SSWS 1 (Egbu), SSWS 2 (Timber Market), SSWS 3 (FUTO), DOWNSTREAM (Mbirichi) and CONTROL POINT with mean Total coliform Count of 3.0 × 10 2 , 3.0 × 10 3 , 4.1 × 10 3 and 1.0 × 10 3 cfu/100ml with control point value of 0.5 × 10 3 respectively. The mean Total Bacteria Count was 3.0 × 10 4 , 2.1 × 10 3 , 1.1 × 10 3 and 0.8 × 10 3 cfu/100ml respectively with control point value of 0.2 × 10 3 while the mean values for Total E. coli Count were 1.1 × 10 2 , 3.0 × 10 2 , 4 × 10 3 and 2.0 × 10 3 cfu/100ml with control point value of 0.2 × 10 3. The biochemical identification of some organisms in water was Escherichia coli, Vibro spp., Klebsiella spp., and Entrobacteria spp. The result of stream sediment samples indicates that the mean Total Bacterial Count was 3.5 × 10 4 , 5.0 × 10 4 , 6.5 × 10 4 and 2.0 × 10 4 cfu/g respectively with 1.5 × 10 2 as control point value and that of Total Coliform Count was 6.5 × 10 3 , 2.0 × 10 3 , 2.5 × 10 3 and 0.8 × 10 3 cfu/g respectively with control point value of 0.5 × 10 2. While for the Total E. coli Count, the values were 2.5 × 10 3 , 1.0 × 10 3 , 2.5 × 10 3 and 0.5 × 10 5 cfu/g respective with control as 0.5 × 10 2. Biochemical identification of some organisms in sediments includes: Escherichia coli, Vibro spp., Klebsiella spp., Entrobacteria spp. and Bacillus spp.
Water quality monitoring at five (5) different gauge stations on the course of Njaba River was undertaken to understand the variability of the physico-chemical and microbial contents of the river water within a specified period of time (2003-2008). Collected water samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), Digital Meters and Standard Plate Counts. Results of the analyses indicated that average pH, electrical conductivity and the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the Njaba River in 2003 were 6.3, 22 µS/cm and 13.5 mg/l, respectively. Mean values in 2008 for the same parameters were 6.4, 24.4µS/cm and 14.7 mg/l, respectively. Mean concentrations of analyzed cations (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>) in 2003 were 4.10, 0.15, 5.00 and 1.20 mg/l, respectively, and that obtained for same parameters in 2008 were 4.40, 0.18, 6.40 and 1.30 mg/l, respectively. The mean concentrations of analyzed anions (HCO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> , SO<sub>4</sub> <sup>2-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> ) in 2003 were 20.0, 4.0, 1.30 and 0.20 mg/l, respectively and in 2008 the mean concentrations were 24.5, 4.20, 1.60 and 0.22 mg/l, respectively. Characterization of the river water followed the trend: Na<sup>+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> (for the cations) and HCO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub> <sup>2-</sup> > Cl<sup>-</sup> > NO<sub>3</sub> <sup>-</sup> (for anions), showing the Njaba River is NaHCO<sub>3</sub> water. Mean concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the river water were 7.2 and 2.2 mg/l, respectively in 2003, and 8.0 and 4.0 mg/l respectively, in 2008. Total Coliform Counts of the river water in 2003 ranged from 70 - 90 cfu/100ml with a mean value of 80 cfu/100ml, while the counts in 2008 ranged from 100 - 120 cfu/100ml with a mean value of 110 cfu/100 ml. Calculated Pollution Index (PI) slightly increased from 0.72 in 2003 to 0.73 in 2008. These water quality determinants revealed gradual rise in the concentrations of the respective physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological constituents of the Njaba River water. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of 1.37 in 2003 and 1.54 in 2008, however, indicated that the river remained excellent for irrigation purposes. Except for the observed low pH and poor bacteriological quality, all other measured parameters of the Njaba River water conformed to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for safe drinking water. The generally decreasing low pH value and progressively increasing Coliform Counts and nutrient contents (although still low) were the major environmental problems observed in the Njaba River water. These problems are essent...
Understanding spatial variation of rock and soil is important for capability precision as well as groundwater contamination or geopollution management. In view of waste dump/landfills, geoenvironmental hazards ravaging our land including surface and groundwater contamination, site suitability indexing, spatial distribution and characteristics of underlying rock and soil matter are studied. Rock and soil samples were collected in a systematic grid pattern using simple drill core rig and hand auger. Geostatistical and soil property analyses were conducted on each grid. Groundwater aquifer vulnerability to leachate was studied using depth to water table, recharge (precipitation), aquifer material, topographic slope, impact on vadose zone/ vadose zone material and hydraulic conductivity (DRASTIC) and geophysical methods. Human population growth analysis indicates tremendous waste generation. Flash points of waste generation and dumping were noted. Geographical positioning system was used to take record of sampling point coordinates. Using a sufficient dataset, each grid indicative factor is objectively scaled, weighed and assigned a numerical rating according to their relative importance employing site suitability (S) analysis approach in an empirical equation. Results were imported into a geographic information system (GIS) platform to generate thematic maps. The results showed that subsurface rock and soil characteristics are neither spatially nor vertically homogeneously distributed. Thematic maps were generated and further interpolated in the GIS domain to produce a composite waste dump/landfill suitability index map.
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