Background: Several studies assayed the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in broilers at a dosage of (25mg/kg.b.wt.). The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of tilmicosin following single and repeated oral administrations (25mg/kg.b.wt.) once daily for 5 consecutive days in healthy and experimentally Mycoplasma gallisepticum and E. coli infected broilers.Methods: After oral administrations of tilmicosin (25 mg/kg.b.wt.) one ml blood was collected from the right wing vein and tissues samples for determination of tilmicosin concentrations and the disposition kinetics of it by the microbiological assay method using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as a test organism.Results: In this study, the plasma concentration time graph was characteristic of a two-compartments open model. Following a single oral administration, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed in both healthy and experimentally infected broilers with an absorption half-life of (t0.5(ab)) 0.45 and 0.52h, maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 1.06 and 0.69μg/ml at (tmax) about 2.56 and 2.81h, (t0.5(el)) was 21.86 and 22.91h and (MRT) was 32.15 and 33.71h, respectively; indicating the slow elimination of tilmicosin in chickens. The in-vitro protein binding was 9.72±0.83%. Serum concentrations of tilmicosin following repeated oral administration once daily for five consecutive days, almost peaked 2h after each dose with lower significant values recorded in experimentally infected broiler chickens than in healthy ones.Conclusions: This study showed that tilmicosin was cleared rapidly from tissues. The highest residue values were recorded in the lung followed by liver and kidneys while the lowest values were recorded in spleen, fat and thigh muscles. Five days for withdrawal period of tilmicosin suggested in broilers.
Immuno-protective, Anti-diabietic and Histochmical antioxidantive effect, Lcarnitine and calf thymus extract. Background: The mechanisms behind of immunosenescence have remained largely unknown in elderly. Some studies are referred the cause to that, L-carnitine is essential nutrient factor which it is important in transporting of long chain fatty acids to mitochondrial matrix, a process essential for fatty acid oxidation and energy release. The immunobiological properties of a new formulation of the lipid thymus calf extract (CYTOIMMUNE ®) were determined. Methods: In this study, the immunomodulating effect of L-carnitine and calf thymus extract were studied in aged male mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups, each group included ten aged male mice. Group I, each mice was injected intraperitoneal (I.P.) with normal saline for 7 successive days. Group II, each mice was injected I.P. with L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days. Group III, each mice was injected I.P. with calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days. Group IV, each mice was injected I.P. with L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt. Plus calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days. RBCs & WBCs count, PCV, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, total protein, globulin, albumin, interleukin2, ALT, AST & blood glucose were measured. Moreover, after slaughtering the animals , histological sections were taken from main internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney) to show internal changes of previous tissues and evaluated the protective and antioxidant properties by using the previous experimental preparations (L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kgb.wt. , calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. and combination of them). Results: The interaperiotoneal administration of L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt. calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. and combination between them. L-carnitine at dose 200 mg/kg b.wt.and calf thymus extract at dose 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 successive days had an improving effect on immune response, glucose level and hepatic marker enzymes as well as improving the histological architecture in the internal tissues (liver, kidney and spleen) and a significant increase in CAT (catalase enzyme), in liver and kidney. These results clearly
The pharmacokinetic profile of cefoperazone was studied in goats following intravenous and intramuscular administration of 20 mg/kg body weight. Cefoperazone concentrations in serum were determined by microbiological assay technique using Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536) as test organism. Following i.v. administration, the cefoperazone serum concentration-time curve was best fitted in a two compartment open model. Cefoperazone has moderate distribution in the body of goats with Vd ss of 0.44 ± 0.03 L/kg. The elimination half-life (T 0.5(b)), area under curve (AUC) and total body clearance (Cl tot) were 1.97 ± 0.14 h, 149.63 ± 8.61 lg ml À1 h À1 , and 2.17 ml/min/ kg, respectively. Following i.m. administration, the drug was very rapidly absorbed, with an absorption half-life (T 0.5(ab)) of 0.12 ± 0.01 h. The maximum serum concentration (C max) of 30.42 ± 3.53 lg ml À1 was attained at (T max) 0.58 ± 0.02 h, with an elimination half-life (T 0.5(el)) of 2.53 ± 0.11 h. The systemic bioavailability of cefoperazone in the goats after i.m. administration was 83.62% and in vitro protein binding was 20.34%. The serum concentrations of cefoperazone along 12 h post i.m. injection in this study were exceeding the MIC of different susceptible microorganisms responsible for serious disease problems. Consequently, a suitable intramuscular dosage regimen for cefoperazone was 20 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals in goats. The drug was detected in urine up to 12 and 18 h following i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.