The comparative pharmacokinetic profile of cefquinome was studied in sheep and goats following repeated intramuscular (IM) administrations of 2 mg/kg body weight. Cefquinome concentrations in serum were determined by microbiological assay technique using Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) as test organism. Following intramuscular injection of cefquinome in sheep and goats, the disposition curves were best described by two-compartment open model in both sheep and goats. The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome did not differ significantly between sheep and goats; similar intramuscular dose rate of cefquinome should therefore be applicable to both species. On comparing the data of serum levels of repeated intramuscular injections with first intramuscular injection, it was revealed that repeated intramuscular injections of cefquinome have cumulative effect in both species sheep and goats. The in vitro serum protein-binding tendency was 15.65% in sheep and 14.42% in goats. The serum concentrations of cefquinome along 24 h after injection in this study were exceeding the MICs of different susceptible microorganisms responsible for serious disease problems. These findings indicate successful use of cefquinome in sheep and goats.
Paracetamol is extensively consumed as an analgesic and antipyretic drug, but at a high dose level, it leads to deleterious side effects, such as hepatic and nephrotoxicity. This research aimed to estimate the prophylactic efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and/or thiamine against paracetamol (P) induced hepatorenal and cardiac toxicity. Forty-eight female Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight equal groups (n = 6 rats). Group 1, normal control group. Group 2, Paracetamol group. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with Silymarin drug, Chlorella vulgaris alga, Chlorella vulgaris alga supplemented with thiamine, respectively daily for 7 successive days, then all were administered Paracetamol (2gm/kg. bwt.). While, Groups 6, 7 and 8 were treated by Silymarin, Chlorella vulgaris alga, Chlorella vulgaris supplemented with thiamine, respectively daily for 7 successive days without paracetamol administration. Our results clarified that Paracetamol toxicity caused significant adverse effects on hematological, serum biochemical parameters, and oxidant -antioxidant status as well as histopathological picture of heart, liver, and kidney. However, in the Paracetamol intoxicated groups pretreatment either with Chlorella vulgaris alone or plus thiamine successfully improved the undesirable deleterious effects of paracetamol, and restored almost all variables to near their control levels. This study has finished to that oxidative stress participates in the pathogenesis of paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats and using Chlorella vulgaris alga either alone or plus thiamine alongside their health benefits can protect against oxidative harmful effects induced by paracetamol through their free radical scavenging and powerful antioxidant effects, and they can be used as propylactic agents against paracetamol-induced toxicity.
Carbapenemase nonproducing isolates included 52 isolates that were recovered from Egypt, 13 isolates that were recovered from Japan, and a single isolate that was recovered from Bangladesh. The isolates recovered from Egypt include 40 Escherichia coli isolates (36 clinical isolates from urine, 2 clinical isolates from pus, and 2 animal isolates from nasal swabs), 6 clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from urine, 5 clinical Enterobacter cloacae isolates from urine, and 1 clinical Enterobacter kobei isolate from urine. Furthermore, 13 isolates were recovered from Japan, including 6 E. cloacae isolates (4 clinical isolates from urine, 1 clinical isolate from bile, and 1 unknown isolate), 3 E. coli isolates (1 clinical isolate from bile and 2 unknown isolates), 3 K. pneumoniae isolates (unknown), and 1 clinical Enterobacter aerogenes isolate from an abdominal drain. Finally, a single community Serratia plymuthica isolate was recovered from Bangladesh. All remaining isolates are from the current study.
Background: Several studies assayed the pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in broilers at a dosage of (25mg/kg.b.wt.). The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of tilmicosin following single and repeated oral administrations (25mg/kg.b.wt.) once daily for 5 consecutive days in healthy and experimentally Mycoplasma gallisepticum and E. coli infected broilers.Methods: After oral administrations of tilmicosin (25 mg/kg.b.wt.) one ml blood was collected from the right wing vein and tissues samples for determination of tilmicosin concentrations and the disposition kinetics of it by the microbiological assay method using Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) as a test organism.Results: In this study, the plasma concentration time graph was characteristic of a two-compartments open model. Following a single oral administration, tilmicosin was rapidly absorbed in both healthy and experimentally infected broilers with an absorption half-life of (t0.5(ab)) 0.45 and 0.52h, maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 1.06 and 0.69μg/ml at (tmax) about 2.56 and 2.81h, (t0.5(el)) was 21.86 and 22.91h and (MRT) was 32.15 and 33.71h, respectively; indicating the slow elimination of tilmicosin in chickens. The in-vitro protein binding was 9.72±0.83%. Serum concentrations of tilmicosin following repeated oral administration once daily for five consecutive days, almost peaked 2h after each dose with lower significant values recorded in experimentally infected broiler chickens than in healthy ones.Conclusions: This study showed that tilmicosin was cleared rapidly from tissues. The highest residue values were recorded in the lung followed by liver and kidneys while the lowest values were recorded in spleen, fat and thigh muscles. Five days for withdrawal period of tilmicosin suggested in broilers.
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