Background: Natural product with apoptotic activity could serve as a potential new source for anti-cancer medicine. Numerous phytochemicals from plants have shown to exert antineoplastic effects via programmed cell death (apoptosis). Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in prosperous countries. The subject study was intended to evaluate the anticancer properties of Kalonji extracts against cancer cell lines HeLa and HepG2 and normal cell lines BHK and VERO were used as normal controls. Materials & Methods: For the evaluation of anti-proliferative effects, cell viability and cell death in all groups of cells were evaluated via MTT, crystal violet and trypan blue assays. For the evaluation of angiogenesis, Immunocytochemistry and ELISA of VEGF were done. Immunocytochemistry and ELISA of Annexin-V and p53 were performed for the estimation of apoptosis in all groups of cells. Furthermore, LDH assay, antioxidant enzymes activity (GSH, APOX, CAT and SOD) and RT-PCR with proliferative and apoptotic markers along with internal control were also performed. Cancer cells of both cell lines HepG2 and HeLa cells showed reduced viability, angiogenesis and proliferation with increased apoptosis when treated with Kalonji extracts. Whereas anti-oxidative enzymes show enhanced levels in treated cancer cells as compared to untreated ones. Conclusion: It was observed that Kalonji extracts have the ability to induce apoptosis and improve the antioxidant status of HeLa and HepG2 cells. They can also inhibit the proliferation and angiogenesis in both these cancer cell lines.
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field with numerous applications spread in different fields, especially medicine. It plays a role in tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. The present brief review summarizes the role of nanotechnology in tissue engineering and tissue regeneration. The CRISPR/Cas9 system in tissue engineering is playing an important role, as CRISPR is a revolutionary genome-editing technology that is being used for tissue engineering where it emphasizes to address tissue architecture formation, immune response circumvention, cell differentiation, and disease model development. Moreover, the development and research expenses for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are too high and there is a need for making these systems cost-effective. Thus, the advanced approach of applications of nanotechnology to regenerative medicine and CRISPR will definitely revolutionize the basis of treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of various diseases.
: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a self-renewing and multipotent population of cells, have proved to be a potential regenerative medical therapy option. Initially, it was assumed that the primary mechanism behind MSCs action was cell substitution by differentiation and engraftment at the injury site. However, recent trials have demonstrated that implanted cells do not last long and that the benefits of MSCs therapy may be triggered by a wide number of bioactive factors that are essential for regulating main biological processes. Thus, supporting the paracrine mechanism of action of MSCs. Application of secretome could eliminate the potential risk factors associated with MSCs transplantation, like the unknown fate of cells after transplantation, malignant transformation, and undesired differentiation of MSCs. However, the use of a secretome might not give long-lasting and desired results. Thus, it may intuitively suggest the need for other treatment options. The cellular lysate is considered as an alternate cell-free treatment strategy for the cure of multiple disorders. The present review describes the MSCs secretome/extracellular vesicles and MSCs lysate, derived from bone marrow and adipose, as a cell-free therapy with the application of MSCs lysate for various diseases during the period 2010 to 2020. Moreover, it also highlights the advantages and limitations of each cell-free therapy.
Chest drains are indicated for pleural effusions and pneumothoraces. Documentation of chest drain insertion in patients' notes can vary and may be sub-standard. We did a retrospective audit of documentation of chest drain insertions and repeated it after the introduction of a chest drain pro forma. Patients and Methods: All chest drain insertions over a two-year period (2017-2019) in our hospital were audited. Indwelling pleural catheter insertions were excluded. We re-audited chest drains inserted in the respiratory ward for 3 months (January-March 2020) after the introduction of a chest drain pro forma to assess improvements in documentation. Results: In the first audit, 134 patients had chest drains [85(63%) male; age 18-91 years]; 16 of these were emergency procedures. Documentation of chest drain insertion procedures was poor. In 12(9%), the procedure was not recorded at all. One or more preprocedural safety checks (indication, review of radiology, coagulation parameters) were documented in 23(17.2%) procedures. In 11 (8.2%) the department/unit where the procedure was performed was not documented. In 30(22.4%) the time of the procedure was not entered. The grade and speciality of doctor performing the procedure was missing in 18(13.4%) and 13(9.7%) entries, respectively. Patient consent was available for 90(67.2%) procedures (61 verbal, 29 written). Adherence to aseptic technique was mentioned in 66 (49.2%), and the dose of local anaesthetic was included in 82(46.3%) entries. Re-audit following the introduction of a pro forma in respiratory ward (n=29) showed improvements in documentation. There was a significant improvement in the documentation of preprocedural checks (59.8% vs 19.4%), and a positive trend in documentation of consent and the use of local anaesthetic. Conclusion: Documentation of chest drain insertion procedures can vary and may be incomplete. Routine use of a pro forma improves documentation of chest drain insertion procedures and should enhance overall patient safety.
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have been used for treating inflammatory disorders. Due to the large size of BMSCs compared to nanoparticles, BMSCs cannot be loaded into the nanoparticles. It is hypothesized that BMSCs lysate loading into the nanocarriers will effectively deliver cellular contents and regulatory elements of BMSCs at the injury site. This study aimed to investigate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loading with BMSCs lysate through basic characterization and morphological analysis. Moreover, this study was mainly designed to investigate the role of NLC loaded BMSCs lysate in reducing inflammation via in-vitro and in-vivoassays. The in-vitro study involves cell viability assays, p53, annexin V and VEGF expression through ELISA and immunocytochemistry, real-time BAX, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-8, TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 gene expression analysis. Additionally, to evaluate in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model was used. In-vitro results showed that NLC loaded BMSCs lysate increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis and pro-inflammatory genes expression and up-regulated angiogenesis and proliferation in H2O2 pre-stimulated cells. Findings of the in-vivo assay also indicated a reduction in rat's paw oedema volume in NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate, and downregulation of BAX, Caspase-3, IL-6, and IL-8 was observed. Enhanced expressions of TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 were obtained. Concluding the results of this study, NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate could reduce inflammation and possibly regenerate damaged tissue mainly via increasing cell viability, angiogenesis and proliferation, and reducing apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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