Pillared
clay-supported NiMo catalysts were synthesized in their
reduced and sulfided forms and applied to the hydrodeoxygenation of
guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) as a bio-oil model compound. The sulfided
catalyst displayed better activity and selectivity as compared to
the reduced catalyst, yielding phenol as the major product. Quasielastic
neutron scattering demonstrated that jump diffusion of guaiacol was
seen after adsorption on both the sulfide catalyst and pillared clay.
Inelastic neutron scattering was carried out in conjunction with an
infrared study and reveal that there were two types of interaction
of guaiacol with the catalyst. The first is guaiacol adsorbed via
various types of H-bonding interaction, as observed in the sulfided
catalyst. The second type of interaction is guaiacol adsorbed on the
surface, presumably at a Mo vacant site, by chemisorption through
formation of a methoxyphenate species as seen in the reduced catalyst.
The interactions were greater in the sulfided catalyst by which guaiacol
was selectively adsorbed in coordination with the Ni–Mo–S
site.
In the present study, the co-pyrolysis of biomass waste, i.e. palm kernel shells (PKS) and industrial packaging plastic waste, namely polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) were conducted. Prior to the pyrolysis, the raw materials were analyzed by thermogravimetric and elemental procedures. The pyrolysis was conducted in a fixed bed reactor which was heated from room temperature to 500 °C in an N 2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The raw materials were weighted and mixed together manually with variations of weight composition ratios between biomass and plastic, i.e. 100% biomass (100/0); 90% biomass and 10% plastic (90/10); 70% biomass and 30% plastic (70/30); 50% biomass and 50% plastic (50/50); and 100% plastic (0/100). Then, they were put under pressure to obtain a pellet. The synergistic effect of biomass and plastic was investigated to see the difference between the pyrolysis products yields in theory and experiment. The bio-oil products were characterized by several methods and showed the potential to be used as a fuel. The optimum condition was obtained from 50/50 weight composition ratio. It was gained 30% improvement of the higher heating value of bio-oil, and the percentage area of hydrocarbon was contained in bio-oil increased from 4.68% to 53.40%.
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