Objective: To evaluate and compare anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic and aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia leaves Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity was investigated using nitric oxide radical inhibition activity assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and reducing power assay. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using erythrocyte membrane stabilization, inhibition of protein denaturation, and proteinase inhibitory activity the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The biochemical parameters were evaluated in the blood, which included the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase values and in the liver, which includes the estimation of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. Results: The methanolic extract caused a significant dose depended on the reduction of inflammation when compared with the aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia. The anti-inflammatory activity of all groups was found to be comparable to the standard indomethacin group. The maximum percent inhibition in paw edema was found in methanolic extract of Anogeisuss latifolia at a dose of 500 mg/kg was 53.33%, with significant anti-inflammatory activity p<0.001. Conclusion: The leaf extract of Anogeissus latifolia possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The therapeutic effect of Anogeisuss latifolia extracts will encourage its use in the treatment of inflammation.

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Introduction: Colistimethate sodium (CMS) is a polymyxin group of antibiotics which were throw out for many years, due to their potential adverse reaction neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The different guidelines were reported regarding CMS dosing some based on Creatinine clearance (CrCl) and some on weight and CrCl. There are many discrepancies in the prevalence of nephrotoxicity that has been reported which included various definitions of acute renal injury and many CMS doses used in a variety of literature. In EMA guideline they suggested the dose as 9 MIU which is equivalent to 300 mg of CBA given as a maintenance dose with normal renal function patients.  In FDA standard dosing of CMS remains 5 mg/kg CBA per day used and also dose is dependent on patient weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dosing criteria of colistimethate sodium associated with nephrotoxicity. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted in private sector tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, for duration of six months from July 2020 to December 2020. Sample size was comprised of 157 patients, calculated at 35% prevalence, 95% Confidence Interval and 7% margin of error. Patient included were ≥ 18 years of age, who have received intravenous CMS therapy for greater than 48 hours. Patients having an acute kidney injury or on dialysis (at start of therapy) were excluded. Loading dose and daily dose of CMS was calculated by using actual body weight and Creatinine clearance (CrCl). Cockcroft and Gault equation was used to estimate CrCl before and after the therapy. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by using the RIFLE criteria. SPSS-20 was used for frequency distribution and percentage calculation to show categorical variable. Results: Among 157 enrolled patients, 101 (64.3%) were male and 56(35.7%) were female (Table 1). Table 2. represents that 68(43.3%) patients were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU) and 89(56.7%) were in medicinal ward; 22.9% patients were in between the age range 60-70 years (Table 3). Among all patients 63(40.1%) patients were at risk of nephrotoxicity, 27(17.2%) patients were developing injury and 14(8.9%) patients were diagnosed to kidney failure and 53(33.8%) patients were found not to developed nephrotoxicity (Table 4). Table 5 exhibits that 48.4% of the patients were receiving dose of CMS using EMA guideline while 51.6% patients were receiving dose of CMS 2.5-5 mgCBA/kg/day according to FDA. Nephrotoxicity was high among FDA regimen (44.5%). Conclusion: It was concluded that CMS dosing criteria have a significant impact on nephrotoxicity. Close monitoring of renal function, particularly the first week of CMS therapy should be considered to evaluate the renal toxicity of CMS.

Eleven different bacterial species were recognized from the uteri of goats. The species were: Micrococcus citreus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeroginasa, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella aerogenes and Pasteurella multocida. Of the 100 uteri, only 80 (80%) were found positive contained bacterial organisms while 20 (20%) were negative. Thus prevalence of bacterial organisms in the uteri was recorded as 80%. The percentage incidence of individual bacterial species in the uteri of goats was also carried-out. The bacterial species were: Micrococcus citreus (26.25%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (17.5%), Staphylococcus intermedius (16.25%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%), Proteus mirabilis (15%), Escherichia coli (13.75%), Corynebacterium pyogenes (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (5%), Listeria monocytogenes (3.75%), Klebsiella aerogenes (3.7%) and Pasteurella multocida (2.5%). During present study, an investigation was also made to determine the uterine infections in goats. From 100 uteri examined, 80 were contaminated with different bacterial species. From these uteri, 7 (8.75%) contained pus fluid. All pyometric uteri, 2 of them produced pure infection while 5 contained mixed infections. The species Staphylococcus aureus was detected as a pure infection and 4 different species recognized from 5 uteri contained pus material. The species identified were: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus citreus. The observations on mixed infections, 80 uteri were examined and the incidence of mixed infections recorded as 20%. Of the 100 uteri of goats examined, 20 were found organisms free while pure infections were found in only 64. However, mixed infections with 2-4 species were also recorded in individual uteri. In a single uterus, 4 different species were also detected.