Lipid peroxidation is a form of tissues respiration. This process is characteristic of normal tissues and occurs, as a rule, after the construction of lipid membrane structures, their updates and during the biosynthesis of many hormones. However, free radical oxidation can be activated in an unfavorable environmental situation, since in our case it happened under the action of Cadmium and Lead. The purpose of the work was to investigate the Cadmium and Lead effects on the lipid peroxidation processes intensity in rats. The experiments were carried out on 200 – 220 g male “Wistar” rats, from which 4 groups of animals were formed: 1) control group – animals were administered drinking water through a metal probe in bulk, which is equivalent to the volume of aqueous salt solution Cd2+ і Pb2+; 2) experimental group 1 – animals were administered 0.029 % an aqueous solution of cadmium chloride in a dose 4.0 mg/kg; 3) experimental group 2 – animals were administered 16.6 % aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose 200 mg/kg; 4) experimental group 3 – animals were administered 16.6 % aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose 100 mg/kg and 0.029 % an aqueous solution of cadmium chloride in a dose 2.0 mg/kg. Throughout the experiment, rats were kept in a balanced diet containing all the necessary components, the animals were given drinking water without restrictions from 0.2 liter glass bowls. Based on our research, we detected activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products in the blood of rats under lead-cadmium loading, as indicated by the growth of intermediate and final products in comparison with the group of intact animals. Probable level increase of LPO products was observed from the first day of the experiment. For the 7th day of the experiment, the level of diene conjugates in the blood of the third experimental group increased by 88.9 %, and the level of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased by 31.8 %. At 14 and 21 days of the experiment, the level of of LPO products in the rats blood under the lead-cadmium load was the highest. These changes in the LPO products level indicate an increase in the intensity of radical formation processes. Peroxide oxidation forms, at almost all stages of its course, a number of products that result from the interaction of free radicals with each other and with biological macromolecules.

Prolonged ingress of heavy metals into the organisms of animals, even in low concentrations, causes a number of toxic impacts, affecting various organs and systems. The objective of this study was to research parameters of enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the system of antioxidant protection of the organism of young cattle in the condition of lead-cadmium load and the effect of Metisevit Plus feed additive. Studies were conducted on the basis of the Private Agricultural Company “Ukraina”, located in Dubrovytsia district of Rivne Oblast, using 12 six-month old bulls of Ukrainian Black Pied Dairy breed divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Bulls of the control group received the standard diet. The bulls of the experimental group were fed with Metisevit Plus feed additive in the dose of 0.5 g/kg of feed. The contents of lead and cadmium in feed at the enterprise were determined to be high. According to the conducted studies, it was determined that in conditions of cadmium and lead load, there is a decrease in activity of glutathione link of the system of antioxidant protection of the organism of bulls. Feeding the bulls of the experimental group with Metisevit Plus feed additive for 30 days led to increase in the levels of non-enzymatic and enzymatic activities of the glutathione system. Significant increase in the level of reduced glutathione was recorded on days 30 and 40 of the experiment. Consumption of Metisevit Plus by the animals of the experimental group promoted increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase starting on the 20th day of the experiment. On days 30 and 40 of the experiment, the activity of the studied enzymes ranged within the physiological values. Therefore, the studies conducted on the bulls indicate that in the conditions of cadmium and lead load the feed additive Metisevit Plus fed to the bulls activated the system of antioxidant protection by increasing the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic links. When feeding bulls of the experimental group with Metisevit Plus feed additive, we determined significant decreases in diene conjugates and TBA-active products in their blood starting already on the 10th day of the experiment. On days 20 and 30 of the experiment, the level of diene conjugates in the blood of animals of the experimental group decreased by 14.5% and 24.0%. Efficiency of the feed additive may be explained by the effect of its constituents on the main pathogenic links of the pathological process caused by cadmium and lead. As indicated in the studies, liquidation of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication restores the functional condition of cellular membranes of the liver, protein-synthesizing function of the liver, increases the antioxidant status of the organisms of bulls. The studies we conducted confirm the expedience of using feed additive Metisevit Plus to prevent lead-cadmium toxicosis.

Heavy metals, Lead and Cadmium, are hazardous environmental pollutants. In the body of mammals, Cadmium and Lead have a toxic effect on a number of organs and systems. The mechanism of action of these poisons is to inhibit the activity of enzyme systems by blocking carboxyl, amine and SH groups of protein molecules. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sodium selenite and feed additive “Metisevit plus” on the morphological parameters of rat blood by Cadmium and Lead intoxication. The experiments were carried out on 200–220 g male Wistar rats, out of which 3 groups of animals were formed: a control and two experimental animals. Rats in the control and experimental groups were administered 16.6 % aqueous lead acetate at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 0.029 % aqueous cadmium chloride at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. The rats of the first experimental group additionally used sodium selenite. The rats of the second experimental group additionally used the feed additive “Metisevit plus”. Lead-cadmium loading in rats was accompanied by erythrocytopenia and leukopenia. The lowest erythrocyte count was in the blood of diseased rats at 21 days, where it decreased by 41.3 %, respectively, compared to the initial values. It was found that hemoglobin level decreased to 90.3 ± 2.63 g/l during Cadmium and Lead intoxication in control rats. At the same time as the decrease in hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes in intoxicated rats, an increase in the average hemoglobin content in one erythrocyte of blood was observed up to 20.57 ± 1.20 pg As a result of the development of lead-cadmium intoxication in ill rats, leukopenia was noted, which, in our opinion, is associated with systemic lesions of cadmium and lead in the blood-forming organs of animals that suppress leukopoiesis. It was found that the number of leukocytes in patients of rats of group C decreased by 36.1 % compared with the initial data. The use of sodium selenite and the feed additive “Metisevit plus” in rats under lead-cadmium loading contributed to the increase in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin level, as well as the decrease in the number of leukocytes in their blood. The improvement of normalizing effect on the morphological parameters of blood of rats under conditions of loading with heavy metals was shown by the feed additive “Metisevit plus” in comparison with sodium selenite.

In the conditions of modern technogenic pollution of the environment, environmental problems, improving the quality of livestock products and their food safety is an important and urgent issue today. Pollution of the environment with heavy metals due to man-made activities of the population has led to a number of problems of agricultural production. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sodium selenite and feed additive “Metisevit plus” on the protein-synthesizing function and functional state of the liver of rats in lead-cadmium intoxication. It was found that the level of total protein in the blood of rats exposed to cadmium and lead was reduced. These changes were due to a decrease in albumin levels and an increase in globulin levels. Thus, hypoproteinemia resulting from cadmium and lead poisoning may indicate impaired hepatic protein synthesis. Transamination enzymes play a major role in the relationship between protein and carbohydrate metabolism, which is important for switching the oxidation of energy substrates from glucose to amino acid energy nutrition, which is extremely important under the influence of various environmental factors. The most active transaminases are aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. In the study of the activity of aminotransferases in the serum of rats treated with lead acetate and cadmium chloride, an increase in the activity of enzymes in all periods of the study. The highest activity of aminotransferases was on days 21 and 28 of the experiment in the control group of rats, which carried out the combined load of cadmium and lead. Thus, the load of the body of animals with cadmium and lead contributes to the violation of the functional state and protein-synthesizing function of the liver of animals of the experimental groups. With the introduction of sodium selenite into the body of rats, the activity of ALT and AST in the serum of the first experimental group was slightly reduced compared with the control group. However, the activity of these enzymes did not reach physiological values. When setting the feed additive “Metisevit plus” throughout the experiment, it was found that the activity of aminotransferases in the serum of rats of the second experimental group ranged within physiological values. This is due to the hepatoprotective effect of the components of the feed additive “Metisevit Plus”. In the study of protein-synthesizing function of rat liver in experimental lead-cadmium toxicosis, it was found that after application to rats of the first experimental group of sodium selenite on days 14, 21 and 28, the level of total protein in serum gradually increased, but did not reach physiological values. Using the feed supplement “Metisevit plus” rats of the second experimental group, found a slightly higher level of total protein in their blood, which on the 28th day of the experiment reached physiological values and, accordingly, amounted to 66.8 ± 1.99 g/l. It should be noted that when administering the feed additive “Metisevit plus” protein-synthesizing liver function and liver function of rats of the second experimental group were restored faster than when administering sodium selenite to the first experimental group.

In the conditions of modern man-caused pollution of the environment, environmental problems, as well as improving the quality of livestock products and their food safety, are important and relevant issues today. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the “Metisevit Plus” feed additive on bull blood's morphological and biochemical parameters under lead-cadmium loading conditions. The research was conducted based on the agricultural private enterprise “Ukraine” of Dubrovytsia district of Rivne region on 12 bulls of six months of age, Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which was formed into two groups of 6 animals each. The bulls of the control group were on a standard diet. The bulls of the experimental group were fed the feed additive “Metisevit Plus” at a dose of 0.5 g/kg of feed. This farm has a high content of lead and cadmium in feed. According to the results of experimental studies, it was found that the feed additive “Metisevit Plus” is effective under lead-cadmium load in bulls. Administration of this feed additive to experimental animals helps restore their suppressed hematopoietic function; the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in their blood increased by 25.3 and 19.4 %, and the number of leukocytes decreased by 12.4 %, respectively. Metisevit Plus feed additive also enhanced the functional state and protein-synthesizing function of the liver of bulls under artificial conditions. When feeding the feed additive “Metisevit Plus”, a decrease in the activity of both alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum of bulls of the experimental group was found. On day 40 of the experiment, it was found that the activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum of bulls of the experimental group fluctuated within physiological values. When a “Metisevit-Plus” feed additive is added to the diet, there is a tendency to increase the total protein level in bulls of the experimental group. In the study of the albumin level in the blood of bulls of the experimental group, its probable increase was found starting from the 10th day of the experiment. On the 30th and 40th day of the experiment, the albumin level in the blood of bulls in the experimental group was the highest, whereas compared to the control group, it increased by 15.4 and 17.0 %, respectively. Our studies confirm the feasibility of using the feed additive “Metisevit Plus” to prevent lead-cadmium toxicosis.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Cadmium and Lead salts on body weight gain and rat body weights and hematological parameters. The experiments were conducted in male rats of the Wistar line, weighing 200–220 g, of which four groups of animals were formed: 1) A control group – they injected drinking water through a metal probe in a volume equivalent to the volume of an aqueous solution of Cd2+ salts and Pb2+; 2) Experimental group 1 – animals were administered a 0.029% aqueous solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 4.0 mg kg-1; 3) Experimental group 2 – animals were administered 16.6% aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose of 200 mg kg-1; 4) Experimental group 3 – animals were administered 16.6% aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 and 0.029% aqueous cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2.0 mg kg-1. Throughout the experiment, rats were kept in a balanced diet containing all the necessary components, and animals were given drinking water, without restriction, from 0.2 liter glass bowls. On the basis of the conducted researches it is established that at loading of an organism of rats by cadmium and Lead salts in rats the weight gain in comparison with intact animals decreased. Reduction of live weight gain in rats by heavy metal intoxication was accompanied by hypo- and hypertrophy of the internal organs. These changes are related to the cumulative and sorption capacity of these metal ions, which contribute to the development of endogenous intoxication of rats in the experimental groups. Chronic lead-cadmium toxicosis in rats was accompanied by erythrocytopenia and leukopenia, as well as a decrease in hemoglobin with a simultaneous increase in erythrocyte volume and average erythrocyte hemoglobin content.

Pollution of the environment with heavy metals due to artificial activities of the population has led to several problems for agricultural production. The work aims to study the influence of Metisevit Plus feed additive on the state of the glutathione system of the body of bulls under conditions of man-caused load. The research was conducted based on the private agricultural enterprise “Ukraine” Dubrovytsia district of Rivne region on 12 bulls six months old, Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which was formed into two groups of 6 animals each: 1 group – control, bulls were on a standard diet; Group 2 – experimental, bulls were fed a feed additive “Metisevit plus” at a dose of 0.5 g/kg of feed. According to studies, cadmium and lead load reduce the activity of the glutathione link in the antioxidant defense system of bulls. Feeding the Metisevit Plus feed additive to the bulls of the experimental group for 30 days helped increase the level of non-enzymatic and enzymatic activity of the glutathione system. A probable increase in the level of reduced glutathione was found on 30 and 40 days of the experiment, were compared with the control group of animals, it increased by 7.2 and 7.1 %, respectively. In the study of the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, it was found that in these study periods they ranged from 35.7 ± 1.61 and 35.3 ± 1.55 nmol NADPH/min per 1 mg of protein (P ≤ 0.01) and 1.67 ± 0.041 and 1.64 ± 0.039 nmol NADPH/min per 1 mg of protein (P ≤ 0.001). Thus, studies on bulls indicate that the feed additive Metisevit Plus, when fed to bulls, under a load of cadmium and lead, contributed to the activation of the glutathione antioxidant defense system by increasing the level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic units. Our studies confirm the feasibility of using a feed additive, Metisevit Plus, to prevent lead-cadmium toxicosis.

Lead and Cadmium are attributed to thiol poisons due to their ability to bind to SH groups of proteins. The aim of the study was to study the effect of Cadmium and Lead salts on the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the blood of rats. The experiments were performed on male rats of the Wistar line, weighing 200–220 g, from which 4 groups of animals were formed: control and 3 experimental groups. Control rats were administered drinking water through a metal probe in a volume equivalent to the volume of aqueous solution of Cd2 + and Pb2 + salts. The animals of the first experimental group were administered a 0.029% aqueous solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 4.0 mg / kg. Animals of the second experimental group were administered a 16.6% aqueous solution of lead acetate at a dose of 200 mg / kg. Animals of the third experimental group were administered 16.6% aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose of 100 mg / kg and 0.029% aqueous cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2.0 mg / kg. The administration of cadmium chloride and lead acetate to the body leads to the accumulation in the blood of rats of the experimental groups of both intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation. A significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation products was observed in the blood of rats of all three study groups from the first day of the experiment. With cadmium and lead combined, rats were found to have the highest levels of diene conjugates and TBA-active products compared to the first and second experimental groups. On the 28th day of the experiment, the level of lipid peroxidation oxidation products in the blood of rats of the third experimental group increased by 76.1%, and the level of TBA-active products - by 38.4% relative to the control group. These changes in the level of lipid peroxidation products indicate an increase in the intensity of radical formation processes. Peroxide oxidation forms, at almost all stages of its course, a number of products that result from the interaction of free radicals with each other and with biological macromolecules. The investigations made it possible to reveal the pathogenesis of Cadmium and Lead toxic effects on the rat organism more deeply and to use these data in the development of antidote for cadmium-lead intoxication.