There are limited data on amperometric biosensors (ABSs) for L-arginine (Arg) determination based on oxidases that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct of enzymatic reaction, and artificial peroxidases (POs) for decomposition of H2O2. The most frequently proposed Arg-sensitive oxidase-based ABSs contain at least two enzymes in the bioselective layer; this complicates the procedure and increases the cost of analysis. Therefore, the construction of a one-enzyme ABS for Arg analysis is a practical problem. In the current work, fabrication, and characterization of three ABS types for the direct measurement of Arg were proposed. L-arginine oxidase (ArgO) isolated from the mushroom Amanita phalloides was co-immobilized with PO-like nanozymes (NZs) on the surface of graphite electrodes. As PO mimetics, chemically synthesized NZs of CeCu (nCeCU) and NiPtPd (nNiPtPd), as well as green-synthesized hexacyanoferrate of copper (gCuHCF), were used. The novel ABSs exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to Arg, broad linear ranges and good storage stabilities. Two ABSs were tested on real samples of products containing Arg, including the pharmaceutical preparation “Tivortine”, juices, and wine. A high correlation (R = 0.995) was demonstrated between the results of testing “Tivortine” and juice using nCeCU/GE and nNiPtPd/GE. It is worth mentioning that only a slight difference (less than 1%) was observed for “Tivortin” between the experimentally determined content of Arg and its value declared by the producer. The proposed ArgO-NZ-based ABSs may be promising for Arg analysis in different branches of science, medicine, and industry.
The results of studies of the effect of Cadmium influence on the state of the enzyme and nonenzyme system of antioxidant protection of young cattle organism, namely on the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, level of reduced glutathione, Selenium, vitamins A and E. It was determined that the feeding of young bulls with cadmium chloride in a dose of 0.04 mg / kg of body weight contributed to a decrease both, enzyme and non enzyme level of the system of antioxidant protection (superoxide dismutase by 22%, catalase -by 12%, renewed glutathione by 11%, glutathione peroxidase by 22 %, Selenium -by 18%, vitamin A -by 23%, vitamin E -by 27%,). The lowest level of the antioxidant protection system in the blood of young cattle was set at the sixteenth and twenty-fourth day of the experiment, which is due to the increased activation of lipoperoxidation processes and a disturbance of the balance between the activity of the antioxidant system and the intensity of peroxidation of lipids. The toxic effect of Cadmium contributes to the change in the stationary concentrations of the radical metabolites O2, ˙OH, NO2, which, in their turn, initiate the processes of peroxide oxidation of lipids, indicating an increase in the level of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde. The highest level of intermediate and final products of peroxid oxidation of lipids in the blood of young cattle was determined on the thirtieth day of the experiment, while comparing with the control group, they increased by 31 and 27%, respectively.
Prolonged ingress of heavy metals into the organisms of animals, even in low concentrations, causes a number of toxic impacts, affecting various organs and systems. The objective of this study was to research parameters of enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the system of antioxidant protection of the organism of young cattle in the condition of lead-cadmium load and the effect of Metisevit Plus feed additive. Studies were conducted on the basis of the Private Agricultural Company “Ukraina”, located in Dubrovytsia district of Rivne Oblast, using 12 six-month old bulls of Ukrainian Black Pied Dairy breed divided into two groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Bulls of the control group received the standard diet. The bulls of the experimental group were fed with Metisevit Plus feed additive in the dose of 0.5 g/kg of feed. The contents of lead and cadmium in feed at the enterprise were determined to be high. According to the conducted studies, it was determined that in conditions of cadmium and lead load, there is a decrease in activity of glutathione link of the system of antioxidant protection of the organism of bulls. Feeding the bulls of the experimental group with Metisevit Plus feed additive for 30 days led to increase in the levels of non-enzymatic and enzymatic activities of the glutathione system. Significant increase in the level of reduced glutathione was recorded on days 30 and 40 of the experiment. Consumption of Metisevit Plus by the animals of the experimental group promoted increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase starting on the 20th day of the experiment. On days 30 and 40 of the experiment, the activity of the studied enzymes ranged within the physiological values. Therefore, the studies conducted on the bulls indicate that in the conditions of cadmium and lead load the feed additive Metisevit Plus fed to the bulls activated the system of antioxidant protection by increasing the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic links. When feeding bulls of the experimental group with Metisevit Plus feed additive, we determined significant decreases in diene conjugates and TBA-active products in their blood starting already on the 10th day of the experiment. On days 20 and 30 of the experiment, the level of diene conjugates in the blood of animals of the experimental group decreased by 14.5% and 24.0%. Efficiency of the feed additive may be explained by the effect of its constituents on the main pathogenic links of the pathological process caused by cadmium and lead. As indicated in the studies, liquidation of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication restores the functional condition of cellular membranes of the liver, protein-synthesizing function of the liver, increases the antioxidant status of the organisms of bulls. The studies we conducted confirm the expedience of using feed additive Metisevit Plus to prevent lead-cadmium toxicosis.
According to scientific publications, transformation of nutrients in the rabbit feed should be studied with regard to rabbit nutritional specifics that is caused by differences of alimentary canal of the species, involving microorganism role in the digestive process. In the experiment, The research considered the transformation of essential micronutrients of feed (Zn, Cu, and Mn) and their concentration in muscle carcasses of rabbits of differentl age and origine, in industrial rabbit production in Prykarpatyia. Feeding norms and nutrient requirements for experimental animals were performed according to rabbit nutrition requirements approved by the VIII International Rabbit Congress (EGRAN tables, 2004). It has been found out that supplying rabbits of different genotypes with the same nutrition affect the retention of studied micronutrients in certain muscles carcasses differently. The experiment demonstrated that the longest back muscle of a 3-month old new hybrid rabbit (NTC) contented the highest amount of zinc and accounted 6.78 � 0.118 mg kg-1 which was by 1.43 mg kg-1 (p =0.001) more than in the rabbits of the local chinchilla (second group). It is proved that the greatest amount of cuprum was concentrated in the hip carcasses of rabbits of the first group (NTC). This rabbit genotype (first group) dominated over the local breed (the second group) regarding this indicator, when the animals were 2 and 3 months old, by 0.15 and 0.49 mg kg-1 respectively (p=0.01). The content of manganese in the muscles of the hips was also higher in the newly-selected three-breed during all the farming period. Thus, at the age of 2 months, rabbits of the first group outweighed their peers in the second group by 6.52 mg kg-1 (p=0.05), at the age of 3 months - by 1.57 mg kg-1 (p=0.01) and at the age of 4 months - by 0.89 mg kg-1 (p0.01). The three-breed rabbit genotype of of the first group was dominated by pure-breed analogues of the second group in terms of weight gain and feed conversion by 7.5 and 3.4% respectively. Due to better transformation of these trace elements, in the body of intensively growing rabbits, the environment is less polluted. The highest concentration of these trace elements was found in the rabbit muscles of both groups in the 3rd month of life. The highest content of the micronutrients studied was observed in the longest and suprascapular muscle of rabbits. The prospects of further research on the study of the transformation of other heavy minerals in industrial cultivation of rabbits has been overviewed.
It was first conducted testing on antimicrobial activity of Galega orientalis (La) on the growth pure cultural of bacteria gram positive (Micrococcus luteus), gram negative (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303). The material for the study was dried vegetative mass Galega orientalis (Lam) in the phase of budding and early flowering. In experiment used medium «Endo» for gram negative, medium LB for gram positive and gram negative, and suslo agar for yeasts. As a result of the experiment was revealed that 20% concentration of aqueous extract of this plant had inhibitory effects on the growth of pure cultures of bacteria and yeast. Antimicrobial effect of this drug on the growth of gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5) were within 20.0–30.0% (P < 0.001), gram-positive bacteria (M. Luteus) – 12.0% (P < 0.05) and yeast (S. cerevisiae W303) – 30.5% (P < 0.01) compared with control. It should be noted that in all cases the addition of the drug Galega orientalis (La) did not alter the morphology of colonies (colony size) test strains. The questions of search the new antimicrobial agents, include natural origin, is very actual during last years. Increasing microbiological pure of eating products, feed grinders, veterinarian preparations are one of the urgent task of Scientifics and industrials. It has proved the influence of different concentrations of aqueous extract of this culture on the growth of pure cultures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Install antimicrobial influence 20–30% concentrations of preparation on the bacteries growth (Escherichia coli XL1, DH5). Bacterial action of preparation on the bacteries (Micrococcus luteus) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303) were lower. It was described the prospects for further investigation of this problem. It has proved possible relationship between the antimicrobial activity of the extract of this plant and bloating of the rumen in ruminants.
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