The article is presented in the form of a review and analysis of the literature, which additionally helps to reveal the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the development of atherosclerosis in humans. A contemporary vision is refuted that animal models of atherosclerosis are completely similar to the two types of human atherosclerotic lesions. The use of incorrect information about the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions in humans reduces and even completely interferes with the possibility to carry out effective treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis. The two types of human atherosclerotic plaques have very different characteristics compared to atherosclerotic plaques in animals. They have a completely different etiology, pathogenesis, have a completely different appearance and location relative to the artery wall, have a different structure of the fibrous cap, a different pathway of LDL and macrophages, a different location of lipid core, a different way and time of arterial occlusion, a different type of endothelial dysfunction, they interact in totally different way with the walls of the artery and still have many additional differences that make both human atherosclerotic lesions completely different from atherosclerotic lesion in animals. Types IV atherosclerotic lesions consist of one lipid core with molten extracellular lipid. Type V atherosclerotic lesions type is a long, concentric, soft, strong, elastic, yellow, uniform structure. Due to the large number of inconsistencies between atherosclerotic lesions in animals and the two types of atherosclerotic lesions in humans, it is neither possible nor reasonable to use animal models to study the development of atherosclerotic lesions in humans. The plaques appear in the lumen of the artery in just a few days, in places of a sharp narrowing of the artery caused by hyperstimulation of the nervous system. The plaques consist of LDL, which were glued together with fibrin filaments. It also doesn't allow to detect a very simple mechanism accountable for the pathological increase in LDL levels in people who do not have genetic abnormalities. This mechanism proposed by the author is described in the first article dedicated to the type V atherosclerotic lesions (“Cylindrical cholesterol plaque”).
The "contemporary official" description of AS, according to the generally accepted theory, should completely coincide with vascular lesions in an animal and vascular lesions in humans. A study of AS in humans and animals has shown that humans have two separate types of lesions that are completely unrelated. Both species have their own characteristics (etiology, pathogenesis, appearance), which are completely different from each other. Lesions in humans also do not coincide with lesions in animals. The "contemporary" type of AS differs both from AS in animals and AS in humans, but at the same time creates the illusion of "identity" of these processes. In practice, the "contemporary" look cannot be found in the vessels of animals and humans. This article analyzes how the "contemporary" type of atherosclerotic lesion appeared, and how, for 100 years, the "contemporary" type could create an imitation of the "similarity" of completely different processes.
A crystal fiber of yttrium scandate YScO 3 doped with Nd 3+ , with a cubic bixbyite-type crystal structure, has been synthesized through laser-heated pedestal growth for the first time. Its crystal structure has been determined using low-temperature (150 K) single-crystal X-ray diffraction: space group Ia3̅ , a = 10.2166(1) Å, R = 0.0177. A new phase was characterized with micro-Raman scattering and fluorescence. Fluorescence excitation measurements show two complex local positions of Nd 3+ in the crystal structure with lifetimes τ 1 = 290 and τ 2 = 250 μs ( 4 F 3/2 multifold) at a temperature T = 77 K.
Abstract:The basic purpose of research was the creation of crystal fibers for application as temperature gauges for severe environments. Single crystal fibers of sapphire and YAG with sensitive zone doped by Cr ions were successfully grown up by the Laser Heated Pedestal Growth method. The results of temperature measurements are presented for a range 25−4000• C. Those temperature dependences of luminescence lifetime and spectra of Cr 3+ -ions in the crystal fibers are consistent with the data observed with bulk samples, being grown by Czochralski technique.
mmSinge-crystal sapphire fiber doped with Cr at the tip
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