Atherosclerosis in Animals is a Separate Type of Atherosclerosis that has Nothing to do with the Two Types of Atherosclerosis in Humans

Abstract

The article is presented in the form of a review and analysis of the literature, which additionally helps to reveal the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the development of atherosclerosis in humans. A contemporary vision is refuted that animal models of atherosclerosis are completely similar to the two types of human atherosclerotic lesions. The use of incorrect information about the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions in humans reduces and even completely interferes with the possibility to carry out effective treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis. The two types of human atherosclerotic plaques have very different characteristics compared to atherosclerotic plaques in animals. They have a completely different etiology, pathogenesis, have a completely different appearance and location relative to the artery wall, have a different structure of the fibrous cap, a different pathway of LDL and macrophages, a different location of lipid core, a different way and time of arterial occlusion, a different type of endothelial dysfunction, they interact in totally different way with the walls of the artery and still have many additional differences that make both human atherosclerotic lesions completely different from atherosclerotic lesion in animals. Types IV atherosclerotic lesions consist of one lipid core with molten extracellular lipid. Type V atherosclerotic lesions type is a long, concentric, soft, strong, elastic, yellow, uniform structure. Due to the large number of inconsistencies between atherosclerotic lesions in animals and the two types of atherosclerotic lesions in humans, it is neither possible nor reasonable to use animal models to study the development of atherosclerotic lesions in humans. The plaques appear in the lumen of the artery in just a few days, in places of a sharp narrowing of the artery caused by hyperstimulation of the nervous system. The plaques consist of LDL, which were glued together with fibrin filaments. It also doesn't allow to detect a very simple mechanism accountable for the pathological increase in LDL levels in people who do not have genetic abnormalities. This mechanism proposed by the author is described in the first article dedicated to the type V atherosclerotic lesions (“Cylindrical cholesterol plaque”).

Hydrodynamic theory of atherosclerosis formation in humans - «Reaction to spasm». Cylindrical cholesterol plaque is the cause of heart attack and stroke.

“…ASL should be inside the lumen of an artery, should be able to appear very quickly and has nothing to do with perennial inflammation and damage caused to the intima. [38][39][40][41] According to the current view, ASL in humans and animals should be completely identical to each other. The analysis revealed facts that showed a 100% difference between these lesions.…”

“…The analysis revealed facts that showed a 100% difference between these lesions. 40 ASL in animals is provided by inflammation and swelling of the inner wall of the artery (intima). With the current level of photo and video technology, it is easy to see that humans in a cholesterol plaque does not have several important signs of inflammation -there is no liquid inside the "body" of a cholesterol plaque (there is no plaque edema), there is no local temperature increase (due to increased blood supply), and also no reddening of the «body» of the plaque itself.…”

“…The complete individuality of the «true» cholesterol plaque in humans, the absence of inflammation at the time of the appearance of the plaque, requires a revision of the theory of the occurrence of cholesterol plaque in humans. [38][39][40][41] For effective prevention and treatment of «true» cholesterol plaque, it is necessary to determine the real cause of its appearance, to understand the mechanism of accumulation of lowdensity lipoproteins (LDL) in the lumen of the arteries, as well as find answers to other difficult questions (table No. 1).…”

“…1-5). [39][40][41] The application of the knowledge set forth in the «Hydrodynamic Theory» can save the lives and health of more than 20 million people a year, who currently die and become disabled due to improper prevention and treatment of «true» plaque in humans. 1-1.11, 2.1-2.12, 3.1-3.10,5.5-5.8).…”

“…1-1.11, 2.1-2.12, 3.1-3.10,5.5-5.8). [38][39][40][41] The etiology of the appearance of cylindrical cholesterol plaque…”