Background and purpose Pre‐surgical evaluation of pediatric patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy and negative (non‐lesional) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly challenging. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a frequent pathological substrate in such setting, may be subtle on MRI and evade detection. The aim of this study was to use voxel‐based MRI postprocessing to improve the detection of subtle FCD in pediatric surgical candidates. Methods A consecutive cohort of pediatric patients undergoing pre‐surgical evaluation with a negative MRI by visual analysis was included. MRI postprocessing was performed using a voxel‐based morphometric analysis program (MAP) on T1‐weighted volumetric MRI, with comparison to an age‐specific normal pediatric database. The pertinence of MAP‐positive areas was confirmed by surgical outcome and pathology. Results A total of 78 patients were included. Forty‐four patients (56%) had positive MAP regions. Complete resection of the MAP‐positive regions was positively associated with seizure‐free outcome compared with the no/partial resection group (P < 0.001). Patients with no/partial resection of the MAP‐positive regions had worse seizure outcomes than the MAP‐negative group (P = 0.002). The MAP‐positive rate was 100%, 77%, 63% and 40% in the 3–5, 5–10, 10–15 and 15–21 year age groups, respectively. MAP‐positive rates were 45% in patients with temporal resection and 63% in patients with extratemporal resection. Complete resection of the MAP‐positive regions was positively associated with seizure‐free outcome in the extratemporal group (P = 0.001) but not in the temporal group (P = 0.070). Conclusion Our data suggest the importance of using MRI postprocessing in the pre‐surgical evaluation process of pediatric epilepsy patients with apparently normal MRI.

For the elderly population, the CG, CKD2, CKD-EPI, and Hoek equations exhibited good accuracy. The CKD2(CysC-SCr) equation and CKD-EPI(CysC-SCr) equation demonstrated relatively high accuracy for evaluating elderly subjects with mGFR≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, whereas the CG equation was more suitable for evaluating elderly subjects with mGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2.

men, but these results were not statistically significant. The pooled effect estimates were not materially affected by the test method (SCSA or TUNEL or study population (general population vs. infertile men). Heterogeneity was high across all comparisons, suggesting a marked variation across the included studies.CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity conditions have minimal effects on sperm DNA fragmentation in men in reproductive age. The clinical implications of the association between BMI and sperm DNA fragmentation deserves further investigation due to the high heterogeneity across the included studies.

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