We studied the interaction between the indicators of lipid exchange and thyroid status among the inhabitants of radiation contaminated territories under additional psycho-emotional load. We observed 170 students aged between 18–24 and divided them into a control group of students who were from areas unaffected by radiation (70 people) and the main experimental group of students from territories of increased radio-ecological load (IV radiation zone, 100 people). We determined the content of thyrotropic hormone (TTH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), total cholesterin (TC), triglycerides (TG), cholesterin of lipoproteins of high density (Ch-LPHD) and cholesterin of lipoproteins of low density (Ch-LPLD). We found that people who had lived since birth in territories which were contaminated with radionuclides and were affected by prolonged influence of small doses of ionizing radiation had significant fluctuations of indicators of concentrations of TTH, T3 and T4, forming manifestations of hypothyroidism and hyperthyrosis among some of those tested. Independently from hyperthyrosis, the effect was accompanied by growth in the level of TH, TG, Ch-LPHD and Ch-LPLD. Persons with manifestations of hypothyroidism had the content of TH above the upper limit of the homeostatic norm and the level of Ch-LPLD was higher than the norm in sub-groups with features of hypo- and hyperthyrosis. All those tested from the main group showed a significant positive correlation connection between the level of TTH and levels of TH and Ch-LPLD. The subgroup with manifestations of hyperthyrosis had a positive correlation between the levels of TTH and TG, the subgroups with manifestations of euthyroidism and hyperthyrosis had a negative correlation between the levels of TTH and Ch-LPHD. The hyperthyrosis subgroup had a significant positive correlation connection between T3 and TH and Ch-LPLD. The euthyroidism and hypothyroidism subgroups had a significant negative correlation between T3 concentration and Ch-LPLD. The cortisol indicator positively correlated with levels of TH and Ch-LPLD in all subgroups divided according to thyroid status. In the conditions of additional psycho-emotional load (examinations), those tested had an increased level of TP (higher than the norm in the subgroups of hyperthyrosis and hypothyroidism) caused by the increase in cortisol level and a tendency of decrease in TTH. At the same time, the level of Ch-LPLD increased (higher than the upper norm) as a result of decrease in the content of Ch-LPHL. The coefficient of correlation between the level of TTH and levels of TH and Ch-LPLD lost statistical significance in all subgroups divided according to thyroid status. In the hyperthyrosis subgroup, the effect of loss of correlation with TH and Ch-LPLD was also observed for T3. Thus, the individuals tested from territories polluted by radionuclides, had proaterogenic changes dependant on thyroid status,which can become a precondition for the development of metabolic syndrome. The risk of dyslipidemia increases in the conditions of additional psycho-emotional load, when the regulatory effect of the thyroid gland`s hormones is reduced.

This research studied the interrelationship between the immune and oxidative-antioxidant systems in a group of individuals who had lived for a long time in areas contaminated with radionuclides after the Chernobyl catastrophe and as a result experienced prolonged exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation. We have examined a group of 100 students aged 18–24, where 50 of them formed the control group and the remaining 50 belonged to the experimental group as they arrived from the territories of enhanced radioecological control (IV radiation zone, density of soil contamination by isotope 137Cs 3.7 x 104 – 18.5 x 104 Bq/m2). Here we determined the level of cortisol, leukocytes and their populations, the levels of lymphocyte subpopulations with phenotypes CD3+, CD5+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD72+, immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+, indicators of phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes, IgG (H), IgM (H), IgA (H), malondialdehyde (MDA), ceruloplasmin (CP), transferrin (Tr), sulfhydryl (SH); and also calculated the oxidative stress index (OSI). We performed the analysis twice: in the absence/presence of additional emotional stress such as an examination session. The studies showed an increase in the oxidative stress index in the group examined from the experimental cluster, especially in terms of emotional stress. At the same time, the neutrophil level increased, but phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes, the relative and absolute number of lymphocytes with phenotypes CD3+, CD5+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and IgG levels decreased. Consequently we revealed the negative correlation between the indexes of oxidative stress in the group of examined (the oxidative stress index (ISO)/the level of malonic dialdehyde (MDA)) and the parameters of phagocytic activity of monocytes, the immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+, and the number of lymphocytes with the CD16+ phenotype. In this study we demonstrated the decrease in the participation of ceruloplasmin (CP) as an important antioxidant factor in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the group examined from radiation-contaminated areas compared with control group. The evidence of this is the lack of reliable correlation between ceruloplasmin level and immune system parameters. Moreover we found that radiation-induced intensification of oxidative processes in the experimental group grew in conditions of additional stresses of an emotional nature. Besides, it was accompanied by a significant correlation in the level of oxidative stress and phagocytic activity parameters. Reducing phagocytic activity and the CD4+/CD8+ index on the background of oxidative stress increase can be considered as a sign of immune system ageing, while a decrease in the number of lymphocytes with the CD16+ phenotype is a sign of antitumor defense inhibition. Thus, we draw the conclusion that the inhabitants of the territories of strengthened radioecological control, undergoing exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation from birth, show a significant imbalance of redox homeostasis, which creates the preconditions for immunoreactivity pathology development at the level of both innate and acquired immunity.

ВСТУПСеред продуктів радіаційного забруднення одними з найбільш небезпечних для організ-му людини вважаються ізотопи йоду-131 ( 131 І), які домінують серед пріоритетних при-чин віддалених наслідків як у дитячого, так і дорослого населення, причому, зумовлюють виражений дозозалежний ефект [1]. Зростан-ня концентрації радіоактивного йоду під час аварії на ЧАЕС викликало істотне внутрішнє опромінення, зокрема, при споживанні за-бруднених харчових продуктів, що призвело до розвитку різноманітних тиреоїдних пато-логій серед значних контингентів потерпіло го населення [2,3]. Зокрема, захворюваність на гіпотиреоз у Гомельській області зросла у 7 разів протягом 5 років після катастрофи, на аутоімунний тиреоїдит -у більше ніж 600 разів [4]. Тиреоїдні дисфункції відмічені також серед ліквідаторів наслідків аварії на ЧАЕС. Найвищі ризики розвитку хронічно-го тиреоїдиту та гіпотиреозу відмічені при комбінованиму характері опромінення щи-топодібної залози, зокрема, поєднанні вну-трішнього опромінення 131 I і та зовнішнього γ-опромінення [5].Останнім часом тиреоїдні дисфункції вва жаються досить поширеним явищем се-ред осіб, котрі народилися вже після чорно-бильської катастрофи, тобто, не зазнали без посереднього впливу радіоактивного йоду, причому, часто поєднуються зі станом підвищеної тривожності -типової ознаки наявності стресової ситуації [6]. Стресором може виступити будь-який стимул, здатний ISSN 0201-8489 Фізіол. журн., 2017, Т. 63, № 3 33 змінити внутрішній гомеостаз, зазвичай, це психологічні, фізичні та фізіологічні стиму-ли. Ініціювання відповіді на фізіологічні та фізичні фактори часто підсвідомі і мають виключно біологічний характер. Психоло-гічні стрес-фактори зумовлюють додаткову когнітивну оцінку ситуації з прогнозуванням несприятливих наслідків та спроб знайти найбільш оптимальне вирішення. Одно-значно, емоційний стресор повинен бути оцінений як фактор ризику для організму, що дає змогу скоординувати поведінкову та фізіологічну відповідь [7].У розвитку стресової реакції беруть участь як тиреоїдна, так і імунна системи [8,9]. Нині є докази участі клітин імунної системи у регуляції гормональної активності щитоподібної залози. Механізми, які лежать в основі такого явища, зокрема, за умов радіаційного опромінювання, потребують подальшого вивчення [10]. Таким чином, оцінка зв'язку між показниками імунної та тиреоїдної систем у осіб, котрі зазнали про-лонгованого впливу малих доз іонізуючого випромінювання, залишається актуальною.Мета нашої роботи -вивчити особливості взаємозв'язку показників імунної системи та тиреоїдного статусу у мешканців територій, забруднених радіонуклідами, за умов додат-кового психоемоційного навантаження. МЕТОДИКАОбстежено 95 осіб чоловічої статі та 75 осіб жіночої статі (у період фолікулярної стадії менструального циклу), яких було поділено на дві групи: 1-ша (контрольна) -мешканці радіаційно-незабруднених районів (70 осіб) та 2-га -мешканці територій посиленого радіоекологічного контролю (IV радіаційна зона, щільність забруднення ґрунтів ізо-топами 137 Cs 3,7•10 4 -18,5•10 4 Бк/м 2 ,...

The objective of this research is to assess the relation of radioactive contamination degree to immune system functioning, in the absence or presence of additional potential immunosuppressants. To achieve the objective, during the period of 1995–2015 we examined 250 people, students of Cherkasy State University, who lived in the areas of enhanced radiation monitoring before. Also we evaluated the additional impact of the emotional stress caused by examinations on examined students. Indicators of cellular immunity were determined by immunophenotyping and dyeing using Romanowsky-Giemsa method. The level of immunoglobulins in blood serum was determined by radial immunodiffusion (Mancini method). The level of cortisol in blood serum was determined by immunoenzyme method. We have found that in absence of the emotional stress among residents of the areas contaminated with radionuclides, cortisol level remained at the upper limit of homeostatic norm. There is an average positive correlation between the activity of radionuclides in the territories of residence and the level of cortisol. There are marked average positive correlations between the activity of radionuclides and the level of neutrophils, and low positive correlations with the levels of IgG and IgM in blood serum. Average negative correlations between the activity of radionuclides and the following parameters are also observed: absolute and relative number of functionally mature T-lymphocytes with phenotype CD3+, absolute and relative number of their helper subpopulation CD4+, absolute and relative number of natural killer cells with phenotype CD16+; and strong negative correlations with immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+. Cortisol level shows the similar correlation with the same parameters, but correlation coefficient is lower. Under conditions of additional stress, caused by emotional load during the examinations, cortisol level significantly increases. This enhanced previously discovered correlations and revealed new ones: average negative correlations between radionuclide activity / cortisol level and expression of pan-T cell marker CD5, medium positive correlations with absolute and relative number of suppressor T-lymphocytes with phenotype CD8+, correlation with the level of serum IgG changes from positive to negative. Additional short-term stress factor combined with chronic influence of low doses of radiation increases the dependence of immunosuppression, caused by radiation contamination of the areas where examined students live, and causes failures in the work of compensatory mechanisms, particularly at the level of serum immunoglobulin products.

We have studied the interdependence of the intensity of oxidative processes/antioxidant level and the thyroid status parameters in a group of students aged 18–24 who lived for a long time in the territory of enhanced radioecological control (density of soil contamination by isotopes (137Cs 3.7 ∙ 104 – 18.5 ∙ 104 Bq/m2). We examined 50 people from relatively environmentally friendly areas (control group) and 50 people from IV radiation zone (experimental group). In the experimental group, there were no individuals with clinical manifestations of thyroid pathology. However, subgroups with signs of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were identified. We evaluated the level of cortisol, thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), malonic dialdehyde (MDA), ceruloplasmin (CP), transferrin (Tf), sulfhydryl groups (SH); we calculated the oxidative stress index (OSI). The research was conducted one month before the examination time and also during the exams as a factor in increased emotional stress. A lowered CP level was found in the subgroup with signs of hypothyroidism; SH groups – in all subgroups, separated by thyroid status. The oxidative stress index was higher in all students examined of the experimental group, compared with the control. The growth of MDA level is marked in the experimental group – it is the most strongly pronounced in conditions of additional emotional load in people with signs of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. CP level significantly decreased in the subgroup of hyperthyroidism on the background of T3 decrease. OSI increased in all students examined from the experimental group. In the subgroup of hypothyroidism it became significantly higher than in the subgroup of euthyroidism. A positive correlation between the levels of CP and T3 was found. The highest values of the correlation coefficients were noted for subgroups with signs of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, with the coefficient significance increasing under conditions of emotional stress. The index of oxidative stress in the experimental group positively correlated with the level of TSH – in terms of emotional stress, the statistical significance of the coefficients disappeared. In the subgroups divided by thyroid status, variability of interactions between OSI and T3 was observed but it was not statistically significant. It was found that the participation of thyroid status in supporting redox homeostasis in people aged 18–24 who suffered from chronic small-doze radiation exposure was realized mainly by the influence on the antioxidant system. The ability of thyroid hormones to maintain a proper antioxidant state was suppressed in this group. The unbalanced relationship between thyroid hormones and oxidative stress indicators is strongly manifested under conditions of additional emotional stress.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of physical stress caused by physical activity on parameters of immune system among the residents of areas contaminated with radionuclides. In the 2000–2015 we examined 125 students ofCherkasyStateUniversity, including the control group of people from uncontaminated areas, persons working in a basic physical training group and those with symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia, who worked in a therapeutic physical training group. Immune system parameters were analyzed: a day before physical training, immediately after the training and two days after the training to assess the recovery period. Indicators of cellular immunity were determined by immunophenotyping and dyeing on Romanowsky-Giemsa. The level of immunoglobulins in blood serum was determined by radial immunodiffusion on Mancini. The level of cortisol in blood serum was determined by the immunoenzyme method. Here we established that even in the absence of physical activity, some immunosuppression of T-cell immunity was observed in residents of contaminated areas. Working in the basic physical training group resulted in a significant decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes and increasing in the relative number of band neutrophils, which is a typical feature of the early stages of stress response. A statistically significant reduction in relative and absolute number of cells with phenotypes CD3+, CD5+, CD4+ and immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+ was observed. There were no significant changes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with phenotype CD8+ and natural killer cells with phenotype CD16+. Increase of the relative number of B cells, that express CD72 antigen, and growth trend in serum IgM were registered. All parameters analyzed were within the physiological homeostatic norm, however, some reached extreme recommended levels. Recovery period lasted 2 days. Individuals working in therapeutic physical training group did not show statistically significant changes in immune system parameters. Thus, therapeutic exercises don't reach the stress level and can be potentially safe for the natural resistance of the body. So, among residents of areas contaminated with radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident, moderate load during physical training lessons causes short-term compensatory changes of cellular immunity within the homeostatic norm with effective and rapid recovery. Taking into account the immunosuppression, caused by chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation, it is important to choose exercises, their duration and intensity carefully , giving preference to therapeutic exercises.

Background and Study Aim. There is a significant amount of data on the stressful effects of exercise, which contain conflicting results. Some publications testify to the adaptive processes and the benefits of optimized exercise for various physiological systems, some deny such an effect. Much controversial is the question of combination the physical exercises of different intensity with other stressors. The purpose of the study: to analyze the parameters of lipid metabolism and oxidative-antioxidant system in persons aged 18-23 who lived in territories with different radioecological status, under conditions of moderate physical activity during exercise. Material and Methods. There were examined 50 students from relatively ecologically clean areas (control group) and 50 students from the IV radiation zone (experimental group). The radiation zone is selected by the dosimetry of soil contamination with 137Cs isotopes after the Chornobyl catastrophe. Age of the examined is 18-23 years. Within the framework of the experimental group there were formed two subgroups: the main group for physical training classes (without signs of morphological-functional disorders) and the group for therapeutic physical training classes (TPTC, persons with signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome). For the control and experimental main group, classes contained all the planned exercises due to the standard curriculum. The program included a combination of aerobic and strength exercises of moderate intensity. For students with signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia, teachers used specially designed therapeutic exercise complexes. The first analysis of parameters was carried out the day before physical training classes, the second one – immediately after the class. Results. Higher levels of total cholesterol and its lipoprotein fractions (LDL-C and HDL-C), triglycerides, oxidative stress index are detected in the experimental group compared to the control group. At the same time lower levels of sulfhydryl groups (SH) were marked. The absence of statistically significant changes in the analyzed parameters in the control group and the experimental therapeutic group after physical exercises is shown in the study. There were evident tendencies of ceruloplasmin level increase in the control along with the absence of such trends in persons with signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome. This led to the formation of a significant difference between groups for this antioxidant. There is a significant increase in cortisol level and oxidative stress index in the main group of students from radiation contaminated areas. Conclusions. Potentiation of various stress factors in persons who experienced the prolonged exposure to Chornobyl accident reduces the adaptive potential of homeostatic systems. This eliminates the optimization of lipid metabolism and oxidative-antioxidant system through moderate exercise. Exercise therapy does not cause a pronounced stress effect.

We studied the features of allostatic load (AL) in 100 students aged 18–24 years old who, from birth to adulthood, lived in the territories assigned to the IV radiation zone after the Chornobyl accident (density of soil contamination by isotopes 137Cs 3.7–18.5∙104 Bq/m2) and underwent prolonged exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation. The examined students did not have any clinical signs of the immune-neuroendocrine system dysfunction. 50 people had signs of vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome (VVD), 48 had signs of moderate hyperthyroidism and 21 had signs of moderate hypothyroidism. During the examination session, as a factor of additional psycho-emotional load, in 66 of the examined the immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+ went below the lower limit of the homeostatic norm, in 62 of the examined low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) exceeded the upper level. The relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) of the participation of potential secondary factors of allostatic load formation in CD4+/CD8+ immunoregulatory index going below the lower limit were calculated. The presence of statistically significant relative risk of participation in the formation of suppression of the index CD4+/CD8+: the state of hyperthyroidism, state of hypothyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome, higher than normal LDL-C. When the examined students combined the signs of hyperthyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome and higher level of LDL-C; with combination of signs of hypothyroidism, vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome and higher level of LDL-C. The attributable risk in all cases exceeded 0.10, which confirmed the importance of some of these factors and their complexes in the formation of the effect of reduced immunoregulatory index. The CD4+/CD8+ index can be considered an important biomarker of AL and premature age-related changes in the immune system in residents of radiation-contaminated areas. The risk of AL formation in the case of occurrence of a complex of mediated secondary biomarkers (vegetative-vascular dystonia syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hypercholesterolemia) is higher compared to their individual significance.