Stress adaptation in plants involves altered expression of many genes through complex signaling pathways. To achieve the optimum expression of downstream functional genes, we expressed AtbHLH17 (AtAIB) and AtWRKY28 TFs which are known to be upregulated under drought and oxidative stress, respectively in Arabidopsis. Multigene expression cassette with these two TFs and reporter gene GUS was developed using modified gateway cloning strategy. The GUS assay and expression analysis of transgenes in transgenic plants confirmed the integration of multigene cassette. The transgenic lines exhibited enhanced tolerance to NaCl, Mannitol and oxidative stress. Under mannitol stress condition significantly higher root growth was observed in transgenics. Growth under stress and recovery growth was substantially superior in transgenics exposed to gradual long term desiccation stress conditions. We demonstrate the expression of several downstream target genes under various stress conditions. A few genes having either WRKY or bHLH cis elements in their promoter regions showed higher transcript levels than wild type. However, the genes which did not have either of the motifs did not differ in their expression levels in stress conditions compared to wild type plants. Hence co-expressing two or more TFs may result in upregulation of many downstream target genes and substantially improve the stress tolerance of the plants.
Pigeon pea is an important legume. Yield losses due to insect pests are enormous in the cultivation of this crop. Expression of cry proteins has led to increased resistance to pests in several crops. We report in this paper, expression of a chimeric cry1AcF (encoding cry1Ac and cry1F domains) gene in transgenic pigeon pea and its resistance towards Helicoverpa armigera. PCR, Southern hybridization, RT‐PCR and Western analysis confirmed stable integration and expression of the cry1AcF gene in pigeon pea transgenics. When screened for efficacy of the transformants for resistance against H. armigera, the transgenics showed not only high mortality of the larva but could also resist the damage caused by the larvae. Analysis for the stable integration, expression and efficacy of the transgenics resulted in the identification of four T3 plants arising from two T1 backgrounds as highly promising. The results demonstrate potentiality of the chimeric cry1AcF gene in developing H. armigera‐resistant pigeon pea.
Large number of primary transgenic events were generated in groundnut by an Agrobacterium mediated, in planta transformation method to assess the efficacy of cry1AcF against the Spodoptera litura. generation demonstrated homozygous nature. This clearly proved that though there is considerable improvement in average mean % larval mortality in T 2 generation, the cry1AcF gene was effective against S. litura only to some extent.
Field studies were carried out at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, during summer 1988 to find out the effect of moisture stress of growth indices and dry matter accumulation of sorghum (cv. CO 26) at three phenophases. Crop under adequate moisture supply, throughout, exhibited greater crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) compared to the crop under moisture stress condition. Growth indices were at lesser rate when the crop experienced moisture stress during phenophase I, and subsequently picked up during phenophase II due to adequate moisture supply to the crop. This reflects the ability of sorghum crop to recover from the effects of early moisture stress at later stages. The dry‐matter accumulation in the stem was favoured by adequate moisture while in the leaves it was favoured by moisture stress.
A reputation system assists people selecting whom to trust, encourages trustworthy action, and discourages participation of unskilled or dishonest. The "all good reputation" problem is common in current reputation systems, especially in e-commerce domain, making it difficult for buyers to choose credible sellers. Observing high growth of online data in Hindi language, in this paper, we propose a reputation system in this language. The functions of this system include (1) review mining for different criteria of online transactions, (2) calculation of reputation rating using Bayesian method, (3) calculation of reputation weight using typed dependency relation representation and Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modeling technique for each criteria from user reviews, and (4) ranking sellers based on computed reputation score. Extensive simulations conducted on eBay dataset and TripAdvisor dataset show its effectiveness in solving "all good reputation" problem. So far, as our knowledge is concerned, this is the first work in Hindi language on reputation system. Keywords E-commerce · Hindi · Natural language processing · Reputation system · Review mining Highlights -The proposed Reputation System is a solution to "all good reputation" problem in e-commerce domain.Vandana Jha vjvandanajha@gmail.com 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India -Our system is implemented on Hindi language Product reviews and Hotel reviews. It can be easily extended to any reviews in e-commerce domain by using language specific parser and tagger. -Several experiments have been performed and the results obtained are more accurate in ranking the sellers. -Our system is compared with existing system for ranking the sellers. The sellers which were at the same rank using existing system, can be accurately ranked at different levels using our approach.
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