Forensic maxillofacial radiology is a specialized area of medical imaging in which radiological techniques are utilized to assist physicians and pathologists in situations pertaining to the law. Radiology has a wide arena of usage in forensics in terms of dental identification, identification based on anatomy, and using various maxillofacial skeletal landmarks. Since the radiographs are the quick, easy, simple, inexpensive and nondestructive method of obtaining information about age, sex, race of the victim, it is an indispensable aid in identification. With the advancement of newer technologies, more accurate information is obtained for identification as well as in the facial reconstruction of the unknown deceased person. This paper, therefore, aims to revisit the role of oral and maxillofacial radiology in forensic science where radiographic methodologies play a pivotal role to determine identity using the tooth and its associated orofacial structures in conjunction with advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging which are gradually being added to the forensic arsenal.
For more than a century, now radiographs have been taken using radiographic film. Digital imaging has been replacing traditional films in private practice, academic institutions in the last two decades. As use of digital radiography has become more common in the last decade with rapidly evolving changes in the way healthcare is administered, coupled with the amazing recent advances in imaging, many dental professionals are thinking of using digital system as a substitute to conventional film system. This has necessitated a review of the different technologies used for digital imaging in dentistry with broad overview of the principles in digital system, equipment, digital imaging receptors, procurement, enhancement process, transfer, and storage developments along with comparisons of film-based imaging, processing and image analysis.
Coronavirus are coming under a broad family of virus that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). They are usual in many different species of animals, including camels and bats. Unusually, these corona viruses can evolve and infect humans and then spread between humans. Recent examples of this include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In human corona viruses are currently classified into seven types that are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, HKU1, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. These two types of corona virus (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) are more dangerous. Some of corona viruses like HCoV-229E, HCo-OC43, HCoNL63 and HKU1 that are continuously circulate in the population of human and cause respiratory infections in human either may children and adults world-wide. They are generally transmitted between animals and humans through sneezing, coughing, touching or shaking hands and making contact with a surface or object. The symptoms of corona virus are sneezing, cough, fatigue, runny nose, sore throat, breathing difficulty and exacerbated. In more severe cases SARS, kidney failure, pneumonia and even death. Diagnosis can be carried out by healthcare provider in laboratory test on respiratory specimens and serum to detect human corona virus. For this virus no specific treatment like vaccines and antiviral drugs but symptoms can be treated.
Rapidly evolving advances in oral healthcare in the last 10 years has increased the need for various novel diagnostic imaging modalities that aid in formulating the early accurate diagnosis, and therefore, plan the treatment with the best prognostic value that is achievable. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a radiographic imaging technique that yields precise three-dimensional images of the maxillofacial region. For more than a decade now CBCT has been used for dental and maxillofacial imaging and its availability and use are increasing continuously. This has necessitated a review of the various application of CBCT in dentistry.
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