The extended spectrum-lactamase (ESBL) production and multidrug resistant of Klebsiella pneumoniae in children below 5 years of ages are investigated. The K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients suffering from intestinal and extra intestinal infection between the 0-5 year's ages of children showed resistant to the three antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone), and coexist with non-lactam resistance and ESBL production. All the strains were susceptibility to the antibiotic, imipenem. Out off 110 strains only 9 strains produced ESBL. The plasmid responsible for the antibiotic resistance and ESBL production can be transferred to recipient Escherichia coli strain.
ABSTRACT:Immunization of adult male rabbits with a synthetic luteinizing hormone-receptor peptide (LH-RP; representing amino-acids 21-41 of the extracellular domain of the rat LH receptor) resulted in production of high-titer antibodies capable of interacting with particulate and cell-based LH receptors. The antibody produced was able to inhibit binding of 125 I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to a particulate sheep luteal LH receptor preparation by 40%-50%. Maximal inhibitory activity was correlated with high antibody titer. Immunocytometry revealed that the antibody could directly bind to cells having LH receptors, such as rat granulosa and Leydig cells. The antibodies recognized a 77-kilodalton membrane protein in Western blots of mouse testicular extracts. Interaction of endogenous Leydig cell LH receptor with the LH-RP antibody resulted in both hormone agonist and antagonistic activities. The hormone-mimicking activity (increase in serum testosterone over control) was confined only to the early phase of immunization when the antibody titer was low. Blockade of LH receptor during the later part of immunization resulted in a significant reduction in serum testosterone over controls and inhibition of spermatogenesis. DNA flow cytometry showed that a specific and significant inhibition of meiosis (transformation of primary spermatocytes to round and elongated spermatids P Ͻ .01) and spermiogenesis (transformation of round spermatids to elongated spermatids P Ͻ .0001) occurred following blockade of LH function.Key words: Testicular function, spermatogenesis, receptor antibodies. J Androl 2001;22:992-998S permatogenesis in mammals is mainly regulated by 2 glycoprotein hormones; namely, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Immunization of adult male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) with ovine FSH (Aravindan et al, 1993) as well as a recombinant FSH receptor protein has been shown to result in impairment of spermatogenesis . Immunization of male rabbits (Jeyakumar et al, 1995) and monkeys with ovine LH also results in blockade of testosterone production and spermatogenesis. Immunization of rabbits with a holo LH receptor (LH-R) preparation isolated from sheep corpora lutea led to the production of receptor-specific antibodies, but not to testicular dysfunction (Jeyakumar and Moudgal, 1996). This was shown to be due to the presence of antibodies expressing both hormone-mimicking and antagonistic activities throughout the period of immunization. During the early period of immunization, when only hormone-mim- icking antibodies were present, there was a sustained (lasting over several weeks) and significant (fourfold to sevenfold) increase in serum testosterone levels. The return of serum testosterone to normal levels during later periods of immunization could be correlated to the appearance of receptor antagonistic (blocking) antibodies. The occurrence of both types of antibodies in the serum could be demonstrated by in vitro tests (Jeyakumar and Moudgal, 1996). The presence of ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major leading causes of death around the globe. Present treatment pipelines are insufficient to overcome the critical situation. Prominent biofilm forming human pathogens which have the ability to thrive in infection sites using adaptive features results in biofilm persistence. This is a challenge due to involvement of unknown pathways for which therapeutic targets are still unknown. In regard to this developing newer and effective treatment options using edge cutting technologies in medical research is the need of time. The reasons underlying the adaptive features in biofilm persistence have been centred on different metabolic and physiological aspects. The high tolerance levels against antibiotics direct researchers to search for novel bioactive molecules that can help combat the problem. In view of this, the present review outlines the focuses on a possible opportunity of different strategies which are in testing pipeline can thus be developed into products ready to use.
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