BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the relation of the early oestrogen-regulated gene gabarapl1 to cellular growth and its prognostic significance in breast adenocarcinoma. METHODS: First, the relation between GABARAPL1 expression and MCF-7 growth rate was analysed. Thereafter, by performing macroarray and reverse transcriptase quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT -qPCR) experiments, gabarapl1 expression was quantified in several histological breast tumour types and in a retrospective cohort of 265 breast cancers. RESULTS: GABARAPL1 overexpression inhibited MCF-7 growth rate and gabarapl1 expression was downregulated in breast tumours. Gabarapl1 mRNA levels were found to be significantly lower in tumours presenting a high histological grade, with a lymph nodepositive (pN þ ) and oestrogen and/or progesterone receptor-negative status. In univariate analysis, high gabarapl1 levels were associated with a lower risk of metastasis in all patients (hazard ratio (HR) 4.96), as well as in pN þ patients (HR 14.96). In multivariate analysis, gabarapl1 expression remained significant in all patients (HR 3.63), as well as in pN þ patients (HR 5.65). In univariate or multivariate analysis, gabarapl1 expression did not disclose any difference in metastasis risk in lymph node-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show for the first time that the level of gabarapl1 mRNA expression in breast tumours is a good indicator of the risk of recurrence, specifically in pN þ patients.
Abstract— The effect of sleep deprivation on the in vivo and in vitro tritiated amino acid incorporation into brain proteins was studied in the rat at three age levels. Sleep deprivation was induced either by water tank or handling methods. Three experimental groups of animals were used: control, sleep deprived and post deprivation sleeping rats.
A significant decrease of protein synthesis was found in the cerebellum, telencephalon and in crude subcellular fractions of brainstem of adult rats selectively deprived of paradoxical sleep. However, no alteration of protein synthesis was observed either in vivo or in vitro, in the same brain regions or in the liver after the rebound of paradoxical sleep following deprivation.
In four crude subcellular protein fractions a specific increase of the in vitro labelled amino acid incorporation was observed in the brain stem of 24‐day‐old rats allowed to recuperate after sleep deprivation as compared with the deprived rats. No significant changes were seen in the telencephalon.
No alteration of incorporation was found in 7‐day‐old rats deprived of sleep.
The possible functional significance of these results is discussed in relation to stress and to variations in the size of the precursor pool for protein synthesis.
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