In this paper, we have fabricated the samarium/gadoliniumsubstituted hydroxyapatite (Sm/Gd-HAP) coating on the borate-passivated AISI 316L SS stainless steel. The structural and morphological characteristics of the Sm/Gd-HAP coatings were investigated using various analytical techniques and the anticorrosion behavior of the coating was studied through electrochemical techniques. The antibacterial activity of the coating was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial stains and, in particular, S. aureus showed better sensitivity toward the Sm/Gd-HAP coating, which might be due to the Sm substitution in the coating. The in vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the as-developed coating on passivated AISI 316L SS were investigated using MC3T3-E1 cell line, which exhibited a high cell proliferation rate and provided significantly higher cell viability. Thus, the resultant Sm/Gd-HAP coating on passivated AISI 316L SS could be considered to be an effective bioimplant for bone tissue regeneration applications.

The research goal of this experiment is a successful electrodeposition of cerium/europium substituted hydroxyapatite (Ce/Eu-HAP) on borate-passivated 316L stainless steel (SS). The surface characteristics of the resultant coatings were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The electrochemical characterization of all the coatings was studied in Ringer's solution, in which Ce/ Eu-HAP coating exhibited better anticorrosion property than the other developed coatings. The metal ion release from the coatings was studied by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. With regards to antimicrobial activity against E. coli, the Ce/Eu-HAP coating exhibited high resistivity compared with the other developed coatings. The resultant coatings exhibited lower cytotoxicity against human osteosarcoma MG63 cells at various incubation days, which evidence the better bioactive nature of the coatings. Thus, the dual-minerals-substituted HAP coating can play a significant role in biomedical applications.

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