Rationale and Objectives: Ethanol acts directly on the α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7). Adolescent-binge alcohol exposure (ABAE) produces deleterious consequences during adulthood, and data indicate that the α7 receptor regulates these damaging events. Administration of an α7 Negative Allosteric Modulator (NAM) or the cholinesterase inhibitor galantamine can prophylactically prevent adult consequences of ABAE. The goals of the experiments were to determine the effects of co-administration of ethanol and a α7 agonist in the mesolimbic dopamine system and to determine if administration of an α7 NAM or positive allosteric modulator (PAM) modulates the enhancement of adult alcohol drinking produced by ABAE.Methods: In adult rats, ethanol and the α7 agonist AR-R17779 (AR) were microinjected into the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA), and dopamine levels were measured in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). In adolescence, rats were treated with the α7 NAM SB-277011-A (SB) or PNU-120596 (PAM) 2 h before administration of EtOH (ABAE). Ethanol consumption (acquisition, maintenance, and relapse) during adulthood was characterized.Results: Ethanol and AR co-administered into the posterior VTA stimulated dopamine release in the AcbSh in a synergistic manner. The increase in alcohol consumption during the acquisition and relapse drinking during adulthood following ABAE was prevented by administration of SB, or enhanced by administration of PNU, prior to EtOH exposure during adolescence.Discussion: Ethanol acts on the α7 receptor, and the α7 receptor regulates the critical effects of ethanol in the brain. The data replicate the findings that cholinergic agents (α7 NAMs) can act prophylactically to reduce the alterations in adult alcohol consumption following ABAE.
(1) Background: Rotavirus and norovirus infections are the primary viral causes of childhood diarrhea. In Ukraine, the diarrhea-linked infant mortality rate is low, but the number of children infected is quite high. This study examined the rates of rotavirus and norovirus infections throughout Ukraine. (2) Methods: Fecal samples for children admitted to hospitals in six Ukrainian cities (Kyiv, Lviv, Sumy, Odesa, Kharkiv, and Uman) were tested for the presence of rotavirus and norovirus. (3) Results: The overall rate of hospitalized children suffering from diarrhea with confirmed presence of rotavirus or norovirus in fecal samples was significant (20.67% and 27.94%, respectively). Samples obtained from children from Lviv had significantly higher rates of the viruses, and Kyiv and Uman had significantly lower rotavirus or norovirus detection levels than expected. (4) Conclusion: Childhood diarrhea impacts Ukraine significantly. The economic and societal effects of the failure to address this public health issue are indicated by the hospitalization rate of children with preventable illnesses. The geographical disparities in Ukraine for child hospitalizations caused by rotavirus and norovirus infections could result from environmental (sanitary factors or water purity issues) or social factors. Further research is needed to completely characterize infant viral infections in Ukraine.
At the beginning of 2020, one of the most significant health problems for humanity is the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we identify features and develop simple epidemic model of COVID-19 on the basis of available epidemiological data and existing trends worldwide. Modeling of COVID-19 epidemic process was based on a classic model. A key parameter of the model, i.e. transmission parameter of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was determined numerically with the use of available epidemiological daily reports of COVID-19 from 17 April to 23 May 2020. Numerical determination of transmission parameter of SARS-CoV-2 according to the absolute number of COVID-19 cases in Ukraine, Indonesia and worldwide data showed its global tendency to decrease over time. Approximation of the obtained numerical values of the transmission parameter of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out using the exponential function. The results of prognostic modeling showed that by the end of summer 2020, above 30 thousand COVID-19 cases are expected in Ukraine, 100 thousand COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, and 12 million COVID-19 cases worldwide. Thus, predicting the possible consequences of the implementation of various health care control programs COVID-19 involves a comprehensive study of the epidemic process of the disease as a whole and for certain periods of time with the subsequent construction of an adequate prediction model.
The aim: To analyze, summarize and substantiate modern approaches to the formation of the professional competencies of pharmacists on issues of medicine quality assurance in Ukraine. Materials and methods: In this study, we performed systematic review, systematic and comparative analysis, content analysis, generalization, document analysis, logical and graphical modeling to address those issues. Conclusions: We showed that the curriculum and program of the «Basic foundations of the functioning of quality systems in pharmacy institutions» thematic improvement cycle for pharmacists have been substantiated and developed. The content of the program provides an opportunity to prepare pharmacists for independent work in the field of implementation and support of effective quality systems in pharmacy institutions and hospital pharmacy services. In the context of substantiation of modern approaches to the preparation of pharmacists in the field of medicines quality assurance, the experience and advantages of such modern forms of training of pharmacists as the use of training bases and blended learning have been studied. The modern approaches to the formation of the professional competencies of pharmacists on issues of medicine quality assurance in Ukraine have been analyzed, summarize and substantiated.
Prostate cancer is one of the most serious health problems encountered by the manhood of different countries of the world. Prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent tumor – growth and proliferation of both normal and cancer cells significantly depend on level of androgens. The analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone have been widely applied in prostate cancer therapy for more than 15 years. In Ukraine goserelin (1 month, 1 M; 3 months, 3 M) currently occupies the major part of market among the analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The alternative to goserelin is triptorelin (1 month, 1 M; 1 months, 3 M; 6 months, 6 M) – another well-studied and widely applied analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which is used for medical castration in cases of prostate cancer. Taking this into consideration, conducting the analysis of triptorelin and goserelin application is relevant. The purpose of the work was to conduct cost minimization and budget impact analysis using triptorelin 6 M and goserelin 3 M in hormonal therapy of prostate cancer in Ukrainian patients. The research was based on treatment cost of one patient during one year under condition of equivalent efficacy and safety of goserelin and triptorelin. The pharmacoeconomic analysis was conducted according to the «cost minimization» method. For calculation of direct costs when applying goserelin and triptorelin a pharmacoeconomic decision tree model was used, according to which the costs are computed with an allowance for possibilities and expenditures on side effects. The results of pharmacoeconomic modeling showed a tendency for a yearly cost cut in the amount of 2 887.69 UAH per patient when using triptorelin in model cohort which consisted of 1 000 patients. Besides, it allows 137 additional patients per thousand of them to be treated with triptorelin. As the result of modeling the influence on budget it was estimated that the amount of cost saving on buying triptorelin would average at 4,6 million UAH per every year for five years of its implementation. Hormone therapy with application of the analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is one of the major treatment methods of patients with prostate cancer. A pharmacoeconomic analysis of triptorelin application in comparison with goserelin for treating patients with prostate cancer in Ukraine was conducted. The results of pharmacoeconomic modeling showed that a significant cost cut is expected when using triptorelin. It will allow additional patients, who need hormone therapy, to be treated.
In the early 21st century, pneumonia remains an important medical and social problem. In Ukraine, within the structure of acute and chronic bronchopulmonary pathologies, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is at the forefront. According to contemporary views, the main and most common cause of CAP is bacterial pathogens. Meanwhile, the outcomes of numerous microbiological studies carried out in recent years strongly suggest that viruses definitely rank second in the etiology of CAP. Today, as the complex therapy of respiratory tract diseases proved to be successful, antiviral therapy is used, allowing to reduce the severity of the disease and to minimize the risk of complications. Goal – pharmacoeconomic analysis of additional antiviral pharmacotherapy of CAP with the use of vitaglutam based on mathematical modeling. The efficacy analysis of pharmacotherapy with the inclusion of vitaglutam was based on the retrospective data of 114 patients with viral-bacterial moderate-flow CAP. Patients were randomly assigned to two subgroups depending on the technology of empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy. In the 1st main subgroup (48 patients), antibiotic therapy was combined with the vitaglutam antiviral drug, whereas in the 2nd control group (66 patients) only antibacterial therapy was used. For each homogeneous group of patients, the application of a pharmacoeconomic model based on a «cost of disease» analysis was proposed, which is a basic method of pharmacoeconomic assessment and takes into account the efficiency of the conducted pharmacotherapy, expressed in the achievement of recovery using various technologies of pharmacotherapy in the presence and absence of a viral infection. Analysis of the results of clinical, and laboratory, and radiological studies showed that pharmacotherapy contributed to the positive results for both options. Meanwhile, time to achieve positive results in both groups of patients was significantly different. Pharmacoeconomic modeling, conducted for a group of 1000 simulated patients with CAP, revealed that in 27% of cases the strategy of non-inclusion of vitaglutam in pharmacotherapy scheme for patients with CAP will be dominant. However, for 73% of the simulated results, a maximum cost ratio of 16.97 was established, with an average value being 3.55. Thus, on average, the use of vitaglutam as additional antiviral pharmacotherapy is reasonable if the cost of additional antiviral pharmacotherapy is less than 3.5 times the cost per day of baseline therapy. Studies conducted in recent years have convincingly demonstrated the rationality of antiviral drugs inclusion in the pharmacotherapy scheme for patients with CAP.
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