Dyskinesia in elderly schizophrenic patients is an integral part of the illness and not associated with antipsychotic medication.

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There is an association in never-treated patients between a poorer memory and negative symptoms, but not between a poorer memory and dyskinesia.

One of the determining factors for the success of endodontic therapy is understanding the morphological anatomy of the tooth structure and its variants in relation to its template anatomy. The internal anatomy of maxillary first premolars is particularly complex due to their variation in number of roots and canal configuration. However, the bilateral presence of three roots in a maxillary first premolar is of rare occurrence. This case report describes the unusual anatomy bilaterally detected in maxillary first premolars using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

Periodontitis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease causes reduction in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin. It is found to be caused by specific pathogenic subgingival plaque bacteria. Periodontitis is host mediated through release of pro inflammatory cytokines by local tissues and immune cells in response to bacterial flora and its products, especially lipopolysacharides. Periodontitis is found to have systemic effect and the cytokines produced inhibit proliferation and differentiation of erythrocytes leading to anaemia. This study evaluate level of hemoglobin erythrocytes, hematocrit and serum ferritin levels in healthy subjects and periodontitis patient.

Introduction: Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are the standard treatment given for cancer, which leads to the variety of adverse effects of which Oral Mucositis (OM) is one of the common side-effects. It is responsible for patient discomfort and decreases their level of functioning. Both Chlorhexidine and Povidone Iodine have got antimicrobial and antifungal activity which decreases the severity of mucositis. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Povidone Iodine and Chlorhexidine mouthwash on OM among cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the tertiary care hospital of Mangaluru, Karnataka, India for the duration of one year and three months from December 2015-March 2017. Fifty cancer subjects aged between 25 to 65 years and who developed OM after radiation therapy or chemotherapy were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using the demographic profile, clinical proforma and World Health Organisation (WHO) OM grading scale (2004) from 19.09.2016 to 17.12.2016. Experimental group I received 10 mL of diluted Povidone Iodine mouthwash and group II received 10 mL of diluted chlorhexidine mouthwash. Level of OM in the group I and group II were assessed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day using WHO OM grading scale (2004). The data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon signed- rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, Repeated measures ANOVA) using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Among the 50 cancer subjects, majority 30 (60%) were in the age group between 55-64 years and majority 35 (70%) were receiving radiation therapy. On day seven, in the group I (Povidone Iodine) majority 14 (56%) subjects had mild level of mucositis whereas in the group II (Chlorhexidine) majority 14 (56%) subjects had moderate mucositis. Comparison of the effect of Povidone Iodine and Chlorhexidine mouthwash using Friedman’s ANOVA showed that there was a difference in the level of mucositis (p<0.05) at 5% level of significance among two groups. The study findings also revealed a difference in the level of mucositis between day 1 to day 3, 5 and 7 (Mann-Whitney U test) (p<0.05) in both the groups. Conclusion: Povidone Iodine mouth wash was more effective than Chlorhexidine mouthwashes in reducing OM, and the patients were more comfortable after the use of the mouthwash.

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Background Factors causing postoperative discomfort after laparotomy are numerous and must be explored in depth. The postoperative distress may significantly affect the patient's state of well-being. Hence, the present study aims to assess the factors contributing to discomfort after laparotomy. Aim The aim was to assess and compare the discomfort between open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Objectives of the Study 1. To analyze the causes of patient's discomfort after abdominal surgery.2. To compare the discomfort between open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery.3. To determine the association between pain and selected variables among open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods An exploratory approach with a prospective observational design was adopted for this study. Using the purposive sampling technique, 100 patients were selected to open and 100 to laparoscopic abdominal surgery groups. Data were collected using demographic and clinical proforma and standardized postoperative discomfort inventory 6 and 24 hours after the surgery. The assessment focused on the study variables such as symptoms after the surgery and the factors contributing to the postoperative discomfort. Statistical Analysis The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS software version 20. Results Among 200 participants, most of the open (68%) and laparoscopic abdominal surgeries (42%) belong to 25 to 35 years of age. Also, 54% and 13% were diabetic in open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery groups, respectively. Most samples (56% in open and 68% in laparoscopic surgery) stayed 5 and 10 hours in postoperative ICU. In open and laparoscopic abdominal surgeries, pain is the primary (100%) cause of postoperative discomfort after 6 hours of surgery. Movement restriction is also the reason for significant discomfort both in open (98%) and laparoscopic (100%) abdominal surgeries.In contrast, pain (99% and 100%), movement restriction (92% and 95%), and abdominal distention (61% and 34%) were the major problems contributing to the patient's discomfort after 24 hours of both open and laparoscopic surgeries too. There was a significant difference in causes of patient discomfort between open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery after 6 hours (P < 0.05), except for discomfort related to IV drip (P = 0.852), constipation (P = 0.2), and chills (P = 0.6). Conclusion Even though pain is the major distressing factor both in open and laparoscopic surgeries, the current study highlights a few other factors that affect postoperative recovery. Nurses' attention to such distressing factors will fasten patients' recovery and quality of life after abdominal surgery.