Abnormal Movements in Never-Medicated Indian Patients with Schizophrenia

Abstract

Dyskinesia in elderly schizophrenic patients is an integral part of the illness and not associated with antipsychotic medication.

Gender differences in the prevalence, risk and clinical correlates of tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenia

“…Our findings support that negative symptoms are associated with TD, but cannot address whether that association is as a risk factor for onset of TD, persistence of TD, a consequence of TD, or simply associated with some other common cause (van Os et al 2000). Furthermore, the association between negative symptoms and TD may be an intrinsic part of the psychotic disease process (Liddle et al 1993;McCreadie et al 1996;van Os et al 1997).…”

Assessment of drug-related movement disorders in schizophrenia

“…The debate regarding aetiology and also the constraint placed on longterm treatment, which is partially medico-legal, has yielded a number of studies of selected groups of neuroleptic-naïve patients. These include retrospective case record reviews (Fenton et al, 1994) and studies of long-term institutionalised patients (Owens et al, 1982) and samples in community settings (McCreadie et al, 1996). While there are conflicting results, the rate of non-medicationrelated, or 'spontaneous', dyskinesia seems to be higher than previously thought.…”

Ser9Gly dopamine D3 receptor polymorphism and spontaneous dyskinesia in never-medicated schizophrenic patients

“…The reason for examining these genes simultaneously is that both have been associated to conditions involving impulsivity or hyperactivity tendencies, especially attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 6,7 and novelty seeking, 8 which are relevant to the predisposition to substance abuse. 9 We hypothesized that both genes could interact with nov-…”

“…We have recently observed that dyskinesia may appear with almost the same frequency among never-medicated and antipsychotic-treated schizophrenic patients in India, suggesting that dyskinesia in some cases may be an integral part of the illness, not solely associated with antipsychotic drug treatment. 7 Moreover, orofacial dyskinesia can be observed in a relatively high proportion of drug-naive subjects with schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum personality. [8][9][10] Based on these data, we decided to investigate whether the apparent DRD3-mediated genetic risk for dyskinetic involuntary movements in schizophrenic patients could be due to the 2-2 genotype per se, as a component of a specific disease phenotype, irrespective of the use of antipsychotic medication.…”