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Background: Primary infertility is a common occurrence which affects approximately 15% of couples who desire to begin their family. Chromosomal abnormalities are well-established causes of pregnancy loss but may also have a role in explaining the cause of male infertility, especially with nonobstructive semen abnormalities. Hence, awareness regarding safety of artificial reproductive technology in these individuals due to underlying sperm aneuploidy is required. Aims: The aims of the study are to determine the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in primary infertile males with nonobstructive semen abnormalities and correlate with their endocrine profile. Study Design: A case–control study, in which 100 males with primary infertility and non-obstructive semen abnormalities were evaluated for chromosomal abnormality and hormonal profile; and were compared with 50 healthy males with normal semen analysis and at least one biological child. Materials and Methods: Blood T-lymphocytes were cultured using RPMI-1640 medium for obtaining metaphases and chromosomal analysis. Statistical Analysis: SPSS software and Student's t -test were used. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Azoospermia (81%) was the most common nonobstructive semen abnormality. Overall prevalence of major chromosomal abnormalities and polymorphic variants was 16% and 7%, respectively. Klinefelter syndrome was the most common sex chromosomal numerical abnormality seen in 6.17% of cases with azoospermia. All healthy control males had 46, XY karyotype. Higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and lower levels of testosterone along with testicular volumes were observed in infertile males with abnormal karyotype (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Primary infertile males with nonobstructive semen abnormality have high frequency of chromosomal aberrations, which justify the requirement of cytogenetic testing in these patients.

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Background: In India, Vector-Borne Diseases (VBD) account for the majority of communicable illnesses. They account for 17% of the projected worldwide burden of all infectious illnesses, posing serious public health issues and impeding the country's socio-economic growth. To make a significant change in society, it is vital to increase the knowledge and attitudes of school students who serve as effective whistle-blowers between community and health educators. Hence the present study was undertaken. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study including 194 secondary school students of rural Mandya. Students who were present and willing to participate were included. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to obtain their knowledge and attitude towards VBD. The data obtained before and after the health education was analysed using the McNemar X2 test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: In the pre-test, 6.2% and 93.8% of the participants have obtained average and poor knowledge scores respectively. A statistically significant improvement in the knowledge score was seen after the health education (Z=-11.91, p<0.001). About attitude, 89.2% had a very good attitude, 9.8% had good and 1.0% had a poor attitude towards vector-borne diseases. However, after health education, it was observed that betterment in the attitude of the students. (Z= -2.63, p=0.009). Conclusion: A significant improvement in the knowledge and attitude towards VBD among the study population was observed after the health education. Keywords: Vector-Borne diseases, School students, Health education, Knowledge, Attitude

Introduction: Domestic violence against women is a global problem and present in every country cutting across the boundaries of culture, class, education, income, ethnicity and age. It has serious consequences on the women's mental, physical, reproductive and sexual health. Materials and Methods: A community based, cross-sectional study was conducted from 200 women of reproductive age (18-49 years) residing in rural field practice area of Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mandya, Karnataka, with a predesigned, pretested, semi-structured questionnaire, pertaining to the socio-demographic parameters, type, frequency, modes, reasons for domestic violence and legal support seeking behaviour in them. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of domestic violence was found to be 39.5%. The common type of domestic violence was psychological violence 59(74.7%), followed by 35(44.3%) had physical violence and 15(18.9%) sexual violence. Insult (84.7%), beating and slapping and pressure for sex 12(80%), were the most common types of violence's observed respectively. Husband was the 48(60.8%) most common perpetrator of domestic violence. Alcohol addiction of husband was the leading cause for domestic violence. The common reason to stay in violent relationship was for children 55 (69.6%), the common response to violence was tolerating 57(72.2%). Domestic violence significantly associated with factors such as occupational status of the women includes agriculture, business & government service, husband's educational status such as graduation & primary school education and with their habits of smoking & alcohol consumption. The legal help seeking behaviour was very less 7(8.9%) and most common reason cited was social stigma 22 (27.8%) %). Conclusion: About one third of the women in the reproductive age group were exposing to domestic violence and psychological violence was the most common type. The occupational status of the women, such as agriculture, business & government service, the husband's, educational status including graduation & primary school education, and alcohol & smoking habits were independent risk factors for developing domestic violence. The legal help seeking behaviour of the women was very low.

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