The article presents the results of experiments to study the reaction of winter soft wheat of the Nemchinovskaya 17 variety to growth regulators with retardant properties. It was found that the use of growth regulators at the end of the tillering-exit phase into the tube reduced the height of plants by an average of 0.115 m compared to the control without treatment, where the height of plants was on average 0.813 m. According to the results of observations, a differentiated reaction of the tested winter wheat to lodging was established when using the studied growth regulators. In plants treated with Reggi and Messidor growth regulators, lodging was not observed and ranged from 4.4 to 5 points of lodging on the control without treatment – 3 points. The tested plant growth regulators have a significant impact on the yield of winter wheat of the studied variety and the formation of its structural elements. The increase in yield according to the variants of the experiment was about 4.1-6.1 t/ha depending on the type of drug. The highest yield increases were obtained with the use of Reggi at a dose of 1.5 l/ha.
Haploid plants with a doubled set of chromosomes (doubled haploid (DH)) significantly speed up the selection process by the fixation of genetic traits in each locus in the homozygous state within one generation. Doubled haploids are mainly attained by the formation of plants from the cultured gametophytic (haploid) tissues and cells in vitro, or by targeted reduction in the parent chromosome during intra- or interspecific hybridization. Since then, DH has become one of the most powerful tools to support various basic research studies, as well as applied research. This review is focused on the recent development of the production of doubled haploids in vivo and their fundamental bases. The various mechanisms and approaches responsible for the formation of haploids in vivo are discussed, particularly the induction of parthenogenesis by BBM-like proteins, the long constructed Salmon system of wheat, the usage of patatin-like phospholipases MTL/PLA1/NLD, the IG1 system, uniparental genome elimination during interspecific hybridization, and the perspective technology of centromeric histone 3 (CENH3) modification.
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a high-value oilseed crop with growing importance in numerous countries around the globe. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the basic tillage technique and various seeding rates on the yield, oil accumulation and photosynthetic potential of different safflower cultivars (Kamyshinskiy 73, Zavolzhskiy 1 and Alexandrite) in the Volgograd Region of Southern Russia. Three field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Volgograd Agricultural State University during 2018–2020. The treatments were arranged as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Tillage treatments (basic tillage as the control (moldboard PN-4-35, depth 20–22 cm), chisel ploughing (OCHO 5-40, depth 35–37 cm) and disc ploughing (BDM-4, depth 12–14 cm)) were assigned to the main plots, and seeding rates (200, 300 and 400 m2/m2) were allocated to the subplots. The maximum leaf area, with a value of 26.35 m2/m2 and the greatest photosynthetic potential of 1489 thousand m2 × day ha−1, was obtained in Alexandrite with the interaction of deep chisel ploughing and a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds ha−1. The highest dry biomass was also achieved in Alexandrite, with a value of 3.24 t ha−1, with the interaction of deep chisel ploughing and a seeding rate of 400 thousand seeds ha−1. The highest yield (1.84 t ha−1) and oil accumulation (28.75%) were recorded for Alexandrite with the interaction of deep chisel ploughing and a seeding rate of 300 and 400 thousand seeds ha−1 respectively. Overall, in terms of tillage treatments, the safflower productivity was highest when chisel tillage was performed, and the lowest yield was observed with the small disc ploughing practice. The yield of Alexandrite cultivar was noted to be 4.4–4.8% higher than that of the Zavolzhsky cultivar and 9.2–10.8% higher than that of the Kamyshinsky 73 cultivar.
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