This paper describes the design implications of four existing trickling ®lter models. Experimental data from the treatment of synthetic dairy wastewater was used to evaluate the kinetic parameters. The four trickling ®lter models were examined for their ability to model the present data. Among the four models studied, Kincannon and Stover model based on the independent variable of surface organic loading rate gave superior results compared to other models.
List of symbolsA s Speci®c surface area of the medium (m 2 /m 3 ) D depth of the trickling ®lter (m) E the fraction of BOD removed k 20 treatability constant K b biokinetic parameter (g/m 2 [media area] d) k d rate constant (m A1 ) L volumetric soluble organic loading (kg/m 3 d) L¢ surface soluble organic loading (g/m 2 [media area].d) n hydraulic¯ow exponent (0.5) Q hydraulic loading (m 3 /m 2 [c.s. area] d) R f a recycle factor S ef¯uent sCOD concentration (mg/l) sCOD soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) S o in¯uent sCOD concentration (mg/l) U max biokinetic parameter (g/m 2 [media area] d) V m total volume of ®lter media [10 3 m 3 ] w BOD loading rate kg BOD/d h temperature correction factor (1.035)
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