OBJECTIVE -Previous reports have predicted greater risk of type 1 diabetes among people who were heavier as young children. The Accelerator Hypothesis predicts earlier onset in heavier people, without necessarily a change in risk, and views type 1 and type 2 diabetes as the same disorder of insulin resistance, set against different genetic backgrounds. Insulin resistance is a function of fat mass, and increasing body weight in the industrialized world has been accompanied by earlier presentation (i.e., acceleration) of type 2 diabetes. We wanted to establish whether increasing body weight was also asociated with the earlier presentation of type 1 diabetes, as the Accelerator Hypothesis would predict.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -The relationships between fatness and age at diagnosis were examined in context of birth weight, weight change since birth, weight at diagnosis, BMI at diagnosis, and BMI 12 months later in 94 children aged 1-16 years (49 boys and 45 girls) presenting for management of acute-onset type 1 diabetes.RESULTS -BMI standard deviation score (SDS) at diagnosis, weight SDS change since birth, and BMI SDS 12 months later were all inversely related to age at presentation (r ϭ Ϫ0.39 to Ϫ0.40, P Ͻ 0.001). The boys were significantly fatter than the girls (BMI SDS 0.56 vs. Ϫ0.08, respectively; P ϭ 0.006) and presented with diabetes at a significantly younger age (6.74 vs. 8.32 years, respectively; P Ͻ 0.05). The sex difference in age at diagnosis, however, disappeared when corrected for BMI (P ϭ 0.31), suggesting that fatness or something related to it was the responsible factor.CONCLUSIONS -The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the age at presentation of type 1 diabetes is associated with fatness. The implications for prevention of type 1 diabetes may be important. Diabetes Care 26:2865-2870, 2003T he prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly in industrialized countries. Although most attention has focused on the increase in type 2 diabetes, there has been a parallel increase in type 1 diabetes, which requires explanation (1). Type 2 diabetes is believed to result from the loss of ␤-cell function in association with insulin resistance (2). The Accelerator Hypothesis regards type 1 diabetes in the same way (3).Awareness of overlap between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is not new. There has long been interest in insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes, although related more to its implications for management and outcome than to its pathogenesis (4 -8). The term "type one-and-a-half" diabetes, referring to the progression in some from type 2 to type 1 diabetes, was coined years ago and remains an area of lively debate (9). In a modern context, the increasing difficulty in distinguishing type 1 from type 2 diabetes in obese young people has given rise to the designation "double diabetes," in which recognition is given to the coexistence of autoimmunity and insulin resistance (10).The insulin resistance that underlies type 2 diabetes seems to result mainly from lifestyle factors: weight increase a...

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The aim of this paper was to present the influence of hydraulic behaviour in the treatment of sewage (domestic wastewater) using panelled anaerobic baffle-cum filter reactor (PABFR). The PABFR has five compartments of equal size in which the first three compartments operate as anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) followed by anaerobic filters (AF). The combined reactor has a great potential for its application due to its panelled structure and arrangement of baffles inside each compartment. Hydrodynamic behaviour of the reactor was determined by means of a pulse tracer test and by calculating the residence time distribution curves at different flow rates. At high flow rates [with hydraulic retention time (HRT) \4 h], the mixing pattern in ABR showed a completely mixed type with a maximum dead space of 14 % and as the flow decreased (HRT of 8 and 12 h), the ABR's mixing behaviour was intermediate between plug flow and completely mixed. In the case of AF, as the flow increased, the dispersion was intermediate between completely mixed and plug flow, and as the flow rate decreased, the reactor became completely plug flow with the dead space ranging between 2.2 and 7.4 %. On the whole, PABFR treatment performance in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal was 90, 89 and 64 % for 12-, 8-and 4-h HRT, respectively, which clearly shows the correlation between mixing and reactor process performance.Thus, the outcome of this research in general highlights the importance of hydrodynamic behaviour for a better operation of the reactor.

Introduction: The adjustment difficulties of college students have been an emerging issue. Many studies have proved that the adjustment difficulties like appetite disturbance, concentration problems and depression are most evident in freshmen. To help college students in resolving their adjustment issues, we made efforts in the form of establishing a counselling system to provide intervention to the students, so that their social and emotional problems did not interfere with their academic performances, for the current study. We chose to examine the relationship between the college counselling experience and the academic performance in a sample of freshmen.Aim: To explore the relationship and the effect of counselling on the academic performance of college students.Objective: 1. To find the relationship between the academic performance and counselling.

Periodontium that anchors the teeth to the jaws comprises of gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. At clinically healthy sites, the balance between the microbiota and periodontium is beneficial, resulting in resistance to colonization by commensal periopathogens and also triggering welldefined responses of the host innate immune system. By contrast, at diseased sites there is an alteration of defense mechanisms in the periodontium resulting from heterogeneous etiologies including complex biofilm in the sub gingival microenvironment, which is influenced and modulated by the host's immune and inflammatory responses. The present review will focus on the cells of adaptive immune response like B-and T-cells in periodontal disease progression.