Even in nonexcitable cells, the membrane potential Vm is fundamental to cell function, with roles from ion channel regulation, development, to cancer metastasis. Vm arises from transmembrane ion concentration gradients; standard models assume homogeneous extracellular and intracellular ion concentrations, and that Vm only exists across the cell membrane and has no significance beyond it. Using red blood cells, we show that this is incorrect, or at least incomplete; Vm is detectable beyond the cell surface, and modulating Vm produces quantifiable and consistent changes in extracellular potential. Evidence strongly suggests this is due to capacitive coupling between Vm and the electrical double layer, rather than molecular transporters. We show that modulating Vm changes the extracellular ion composition, mimicking the behaviour if voltage-gated ion channels in non-excitable channels. We also observed Vm-synchronised circadian rhythms in extracellular potential, with significant implications for cell–cell interactions and cardiovascular disease.
Seeds of 250 plants from M 1 generation of three chickpea genotypes viz, Noor 91 (white), Punjab 91 (brown) and C 141 (black) at 40, 50 and 60 Kr separately and with gibberellic acid (GA 3) along with control were grown to raise the M 2 generation. The effects on 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, days to flowering and maturity in M 2 generation were highly significant (p<0.01) within genotypes, treatments and also for their interaction. Statistically significant increase in 100-seed weight was observed with the combine treatment at 40 Kr while it was decreased at 60 Kr as compared with gamma irradiation. Grain yield was significantly increased with gamma irradiation however, stimulation was recorded with the application of GA 3. Biological yield was decreased while, harvest index was increased with both types of treatments. However, more harvest index was recorded with combine treatment. Days to flowering were increased at 40 and 60 Kr with gamma irradiation while, decreased at 40 and 50 Kr with the combine treatment. Days to maturity were decreased with both the treatments.
Seeds of three chickpea genotypes having different seed coat colours viz; Noor 91 (white), Punjab 91 (brown) and C141 (black) were treated at 40, 50 and 60 Kr separately and with gibberellic acid (GA 3 ). Three genotypes responded differentially for path analysis and correlation coefficient studies for various traits. Plant height, number of primary and secondary branches had negative path coefficient in Noor 91 and Punjab 91 while, these were positive in C141. Pods per plant were positively contributed in the three varieties while biological yield in Noor 91 and Punjab 91. 100-seed weight and maturity days had positive direct effect on grain yield in Noor 91 and C141 while, these were negative in Punjab 91. The genotypic correlations in most of the characters were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlations. Pods per plant had positive and highly significant correlation with grain yield in three genotypes. Number of primary branches was positively and significantly associated with grain yield in Punjab 91 and C141. Seeds per pod, harvest index were highly significantly correlated while; biological yield was significantly associated with grain yield in Noor 91 and Punjab 91. Plant height and 100-seed weight had significant and positive correlation with grain yield in Punjab 91.
Three chickpea genotypes viz., Noor 91 (white), Punjab 91 (brown) and C 141 (black) were treated with 40, 50 and 60 Kr doses of gamma irradiation separately and post mutagenically with gibberellic acid (GA 3) to create genetic variability. M 2 progenies of these treatments were raised from M 1 seeds in plant to family manner. The results indicated that induced mutability is governed by the genetic architecture of the material used. Various morphological mutations induced affecting plant height, growth habit, branching and stem structure, stem and foliage colour, leaf type, flowering and maturity, pod and seed type. There were differences between the genotypes and between the two types of treatments. Frequency of these mutants increased with gamma irradiation in Noor 91 and C 141 while, with GA 3 it tended to increase in the three genotypes.
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