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Zhoushan cattle are an endangered cattle breed in the Zhoushan islands in China. Since Zhoushan cattle have been bred in isolation, they show unique characteristics, such as dark black coat colour. However, no studies have been conducted on the genome of Zhoushan cattle. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of seven individuals of Zhoushan cattle and nine cattle in Wenling, geographically close to the Zhoushan islands. By integrating our data and publicly-available data, we found that Zhoushan cattle are genetically highly similar to Bos indicus cattle in south-eastern China. Furthermore, by identifying the genomic regions shared between Zhoushan cattle and Angus cattle, a Bos taurus breed, we found that the p.F195L mutation in melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) could be associated with their dark black coat colour. Taken together, our results provide a valuable resource for characterising the uniqueness of Zhoushan cattle.

Large yellow croaker is an economically important fish in China and East Asia. Despite its economic importance, genome-wide adaptions of domesticated large yellow croaker are largely unknown. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing of 198 individuals of large yellow croaker obtained in the sea or from farmers in Zhoushan or Ningde. Population genomics analyses revealed the genetic population structure of our samples, reflecting the living environment. Each effective population size is estimated to be declining over generations. Moreover, we identified genetically differentiated genomic regions between the sea-captured population in the Zhoushan Sea area and that of the Ningde Sea area or between the sea-captured population and the farmed population in either area. Gene ontology analyses revealed the gene groups under selective sweep for the adaptation to the domesticated environment. All these results suggest that individuals of the large yellow croaker populations show genomic signatures of adaptation to different living environments.

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