28A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain 29 damage. However, the functional role of CD11c + microglia, as well as the mechanism of 30 its induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal 31 regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a membrane protein, induced CD11c + microglia in the 32 brain white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPα, and 33 microglia-specific SIRPα knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting the 34 interaction between microglial SIRPα and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the 35 emergence of CD11c + microglia. A lack of SIRPα did not cause detectable damage in 36 the white matter, but resulted in the increased expression of genes characteristic of the 37 repair phase after demyelination. In addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was 38 alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of SIRPα. Thus, microglial SIRPα 39 suppresses the induction of CD11c + microglia that have the potential to accelerate the 40 repair of damaged white matter. 41 (Safaiyan et al., 2016). It was also shown that demyelination markedly induced CD11c + 63 microglia, even in the adult brain (Remington et al., 2007), which was suppressed in 64 mutant mice lacking Trem2 or Cx3Cr1 (Lampron et al., 2015; Poliani et al., 2015), i.e. 65 functional molecules that promote phagocytosis. Of note, the clearance of myelin debris 66 was markedly impaired in these mutant mice (Cantoni et al., 2015; Lampron et al., 67 2015; Poliani et al., 2015). CD11c + microglia also accumulate around amyloid plaques Results 94 Emergence of CD11c + microglia in the brain white matter of SIRPα-deficient mice 95To examine the role of SIRPα in microglial activation, brains of SIRPα knockout (KO) 96 mice were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies specific to Iba1, 97 a microglia marker, and to CD68, a marker for phagocytically active microglia ( Figure 98 1A). In the brains of SIRPα KO mice, numbers of Iba1 + as well as Iba1 + /CD68 + cells 99 were significantly increased in the white matter, such as the fimbria, compared with 100 wild-type (WT) control mice, suggesting the activation of microglia in these regions 101 (Figures 1A and 1B). Activation of microglia in the white matter was similar to the 102 phenotype reported in aged mice, in which numbers of CD11c + microglia were reported 103 to be increased (Kaunzner et al., 2012). Next we examined the effect of the genetic 104 ablation of SIRPα on the expression of CD11c on microglia by using CD11c-EYFP 105 transgenic (Tg) mice (Lindquist et al., 2004), in which the expression of CD11c is 106 detected with a reporter gene. In SIRPα KO:CD11c-EYFP Tg mice, Iba1 + cells and 107 EYFP + cells were markedly increased in the white matter, including the corpus callosum, 108 external capsule, fimbria, and internal capsule, compared with control 109 SIRPα +/+ :CD11c-EYFP Tg mice (Figure 1C). Most EYFP + cells in the white matter of 110 SIRPα KO mice were Iba1 positive, suggesting th...
Summary Avian testes have been used in the study of germ cell transfer, importantly for understanding the preservation and control of birds. For this purpose, we use light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry to understand the reproductive efficiency of dove testes. The tunica albuginea was thin and septula testes were not observed. The testicular parenchyma was formed mainly of closely packed convoluted seminiferous tubules with little interstitial area. Three types of spermatogonia were distinguished. The primary spermatocyte appeared as the largest spermatogenic cell and was identified at different stages of meiosis. Different morphological stages of the spermatid were categorized. Various cellular associations were described within the seminiferous epithelium. The cytoplasm of Sertoli cells was pale and ill defined due to its close relationship to the germinal epithelium. The spermatid attached to the luminal border of Sertoli cells and germ cells were closely associated. A single layer of myoid cells surrounded the seminiferous tubule. Testicular telocytes of doves were located in the peritubular region and near the blood vessels. Telopods appeared as long cytoplasmic processes arising from the cell body. Leydig cells were distributed singly or in small groups and cords. The intensity of androgen receptor (AR) immunostaining in the testes of the dove was established for the first time and is described in this paper.
Three different types of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus thermophilus S3855) were used to manufacture white soft cheese. The resultant white soft cheeses were pickled for 28 days at refrigerator temperatures and were fed to the experimental rats. The chemical and microbiological analyses of white soft cheese were conducted at different storage periods (fresh, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days). The pH values and protein content of white soft cheese gradually decreased during the storage peroid. Conversely, the moisture content, titratable acidity, and fat/DM % of white soft cheese were found to increase with of the increase in pickling periods of up to 28 days. Microbiologically, the total viable count of bacteria in the control samples was lower than that in the other treatments. Furthermore, the treatments containing the L. helveticus and L. rhamnosus strains had the highest lactoacilli counts whereas the treatment containing the S. thermophilus strain had the highest streptococci counts. Twenty-five male Albino rats were used for experiemntal technique. Rats were fed with 70% basal diet with addition of 30% white soft cheese. Several pathological findings were present in all experimental groups apart from the control rats, and the kidney samples exhibited renal vascular congestion especially in the cortical area. The changes of the glomeruli comprise atrophy, distortion, hypocellularity of the glomerular tuft, and focal lymphoid cell reactions. The renal tubular epithelium showed a series of degenerative changes ranging up to necrosis. The liver samples showed variable hepatic injury in the form of thickening in the Glisson capsule, as well as dissociation and disorganization of hepatic cords. Hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration, presence of focal areas of nodular hyperplasia, the hyperplastic cells mixed with lymphocytic infiltration, congestion in the portal vein, periportal fibrosis and edema with the presence of newly formed nonfunctional bile ductulus. Based on the histopathology scores, the severity of renal and hepatic changes was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in all of the experimental groups compared with the control group. Generally, the chemical composition, microbiological analysis and vital organs were significantly affected by using cultured white soft cheese.
The estrogen plays a critical role during pregnancy through their receptors. Although the rabbit is one of the most important lab animal estrogen receptor alpha (ERA) localization on basic cells, newly discovered cells including telocyte and neuroendocrine cells, vascular compartments and interstitium during pregnancy not been described. At 0 day pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was moderate to ERA and observed on the ciliated cells, secretory cells, blood plasma, and interstitium. The smooth muscles and the endothelial cells showed mild immunoreactivity to ERA. Lymphocytes only exhibited strong immunoreactivity to ERA. At 7 days pregnancy moderate immunoreactivity to ERA observed on ciliated cells, secretory cells, smooth muscles, interstitium, and lymphocytes. Strong immunoreactivity to ERA detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. At 14 days of pregnancy, the most prominent immunoreactivity was strong and detected on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, lymphocytes, and interstitium. Moderate immunoreactivity detected on endothelial cells and blood plasma. Secretory cells only exhibited mild immunoreactivity to ERA. At 21 days of pregnancy, the immunoreactivity to ERA ranged between mild on ciliated cells, smooth muscles, blood plasma and interstitium and negative on secretory cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Our results indicated that the frequency and intensity of ERA immunostaining in the rabbit cervix varied on different structural compartments of the cervix during different pregnancy stages.
The present study showed that the medial and lateral compartments of the femorotibial joint have an intervening meniscus located between the femur and tibia. The lateral meniscus is semicircular and covers a larger portion of the tibial condyle than the medial meniscus. The lateral meniscus has cranial and caudal meniscal ligaments anchoring it to the tibia. The present investigation shows that the dimensions of the meniscal ligaments of buffalo and cattle are almost the same except for the caudal ligament of lateral meniscus and the meniscofemoral ligament. The caudal ligament of lateral meniscus is longer in buffalo than in cattle. Therefore, the femur moves more cranially than normal to straighten the joint. The meniscofemoral ligament is thicker in cattle (6.55±0.04 mm) than in buffalo (3.85±0.05 mm). Therefore, it helps to stabilize the movement of the menisci. Furthermore , the presence of the transverse genual ligament which fixes the two menisci cranially increases stability and prevents a more forward movement of the femur.
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