Currently, the treatment for ocular neovascular diseases, including diabetic macular edema (DME) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), mainly involves repeated intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs. Although it can preserve vision, repeated injections are an invasive treatment modality, leading to serious complications and reducing patient adherence to treatment. To reduce the frequency of administration, prolong the time of drug action, and avoid repeated intravitreal injections, the combination of sustained-release materials with anti-VEGF drug therapy has become an emphasis in ophthalmology. In this review, we highlight the current state of anti-VEGF technology, its challenges, and the sustained-release strategies under investigation or being used in clinical practice. Both continuous release and considerable therapeutic effects can be achieved by encapsulating anti-VEGF drugs in sustained-release materials to minimize the number of intravitreal injections. At present, two sustained-release materials are being tested in clinical research, and although basic research shows the strong therapeutic application prospects of extended-release drugs, its challenges mainly involve the discrepancy between the release rates in vitro and the efficiency of the drugs in vivo. Briefly, sustained release of anti-VEGF agents is an advantageous strategy for treating retinal angiogenesis.

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Purpose: To determine whether there is a causal effect of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on ocular inflammation? Design: Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods: IBD-associated genetic instruments were derived from the largest genome-wide association studies published to date for IBD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn’s diseases (CD). FinnGen research project was used to identify genetic risk variants for conjunctivitis, keratitis, iridocyclitis, chorioretinitis, episcleritis, and optic neuritis. All participants were of European ancestry. Inverse-variance−weighted (IVW) was used as the primary outcome, while weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger were used to improve the estimation of IVW. Results: A nominal causal effect of genetically predicted IBD on risk of conjunctivitis, keratitis, iridocyclitis, and optic neuritis, but not on chorioretinitis or episcleritis. After Bonferroni correction, the results showed that genetically predicted UC was significantly associated with an increased risk of iridocyclitis (IVW: OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.24, P=2.54×10-7), CD was significantly associated with conjunctivitis (IVW: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08, P=3.20×10-5), keratitis (IVW: OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09; P=1.13×10-3), and iridocyclitis (IVW: OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14; P=1.43×10-4). Conclusion: This study illustrates that IBD causally poses a risk of inflammation of conjunctival, cornea, iris-ciliary，and optic neuritis. Moreover, CD is more closely associated with the eye than UC. These implyed that the relationship of IBD and different parts of the eye structure were different, and provided novel evidence linking based on the association of the gut-eye axis.

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This work discusses how parents' roles differ in educating children in an aspect of children's adjective acquisition. Existed literature has concentrated mainly on the learning of nouns and children's vocabulary in a general basis, and little attention has given to adjective as a specific field of study. However, the acquisition of adjectives has a considerable impact on children's future development, from perspectives of children's ability of understanding and learning new skills at schools, speaking skills and networking skills within interpersonal relationships, and their abilities of storytelling, differentiating, and explaining. In a group of children of the same age, children with stronger adjective acquisition ability will have more developmental potential and competitiveness than other children. This work will examine children's adjective vocabulary with Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) during a 14-day experiment, which indicates the increased number of new adjectives children learn when they are with their fathers and mothers respectively. Hypothesis on this study is that children who spend time with mother would have a better acquisition of adjectives due to the finding that said the more sensitive and responsive caregiving is associated with better cognitive and language outcomes. However, in additional to the hypothesis as one of the possible outcomes, all other possible results and limitations will be discussed in the study.