Gustav Ichheiser (1897–1969) was a social psychologist in the Austrian phenomenological tradition. He wrote extensively on person perception, social attribution, occupational psychology, ethnic relations and political psychology, always with an eye towards the illusions and misunderstandings inherent in social relations. His personal life and professional career were disrupted in Europe by the rise of Fascism and were impeded in the United States by unemployment, poverty and confinement in a state mental hospital. However, throughout all of these difficulties, he continued to publish his critical observations and analyses of social life. His writings, whether in German, Polish or English, are stylistically and conceptually rich and are remarkably current. His ideas have been used by Allport, Goffman, Heider, Nisbett, Ross and others. This report presents the biographical and bibliographical background necessary for a reappraisal of his work.
In a random sample of just over 300 medical doctors and consultants throughout Germany, various job-related variables were assessed together with sociodemographic data including time-related parameters of work, and specific categories of accidents (moving vehicle and work-related). Occupational stress was related to number of weekly working hours, duration of the lunch-break, as well as age. Moving vehicle accidents (MVAs) were significantly correlated with the incidence of work-related accidents during the last year. There was no evidence that medical doctors working longer weekly hours were more likely to be involved in a driving or work-related accident per se, but they did tend to report more accidents during house visits. Moving vehicle accidents were best predicted by the onset of working day as well as the number of dependent children (more children associated with less accidents). Furthermore, work-related accidents were significantly more frequent in larger communities and when surgeries were later in finishing. The implication of these findings are discussed.
A large-scale survey was conducted to assess``attitudes towards risk and safety at work'', and more general attitudes to work among vets four to five years after German unification. Clear differences were observed between the old (West) and new (East) Federal States of Germany. Stress levels were significantly higher in the new Federal States but, interestingly, the city of Berlin shared the low stress features of employees in the former West Germany. Social cohesion or working climate was generally perceived more favourably in the new Federal States. Satisfaction at work was not significantly related to job stress, and did not show such clear differences between new and old federal States. Individuals from the new federal States were more emotional in their driving styles, less risk-taking and more safety conscious than their colleagues in the older federal States. The implications of these findings are discussed.Thanks go to the bgw Hamburg (and Harmut Genz) who offered financial support for the project.
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