Cicer arietinum L. is the third greatest widely planted imperative pulse crop worldwide, and it belongs to the Leguminosae family. Drought is the utmost common abiotic factor on plants, distressing their water status and limiting their growth and development. Chickpea genotypes have the natural ability to fight drought stress using certain strategies viz., escape, avoidance and tolerance. Assorted breeding methods, including hybridization, mutation, and marker-aided breeding, genome sequencing along with omics approaches, could be used to improve the chickpea germplasm lines(s) against drought stress. Root features, for instance depth and root biomass, have been recognized as the greatest beneficial morphological factors for managing terminal drought tolerance in the chickpea. Marker-aided selection, for example, is a genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) strategy that can considerably increase crop breeding accuracy and competence. These breeding technologies, notably marker-assisted breeding, omics, and plant physiology knowledge, underlined the importance of chickpea breeding and can be used in future crop improvement programmes to generate drought-tolerant cultivars(s).
Chickpea is an important leguminous crop with potential to provide dietary proteis to both humans and animals.It also ameliorates soil nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation. The crop is affected by an array of biotic and abiotic factors. Among different biotic stresses, a majorfungal disease called Fusariumwilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ciceris (Foc), is responsible for low productivity in chickpea. To date, eight pathogenic races of Foc (race 0, 1A, and 1B/C,2-6) have been reported worldwide. The development to resistant cultivars using different conventional breeding methods is very time consuming and depends upon the environment. Modern technologies can improve conventional methods to solve these major constraints. Understanding the molecular response of chickpea to Fusarium wilt can help to provide effective management strategies. The identification of molecular markers closelyl inked togenes/QTLs has provided great potential for chickpea improvement programs. Moreover, omics approaches, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics give scientists a vast viewpoint of functional genomics. In this review, we will discuss the integration of all available strategies and provide comprehensive knowledge about chickpea plant defense against Fusarium wilt.
The cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) holds great importance as a pulse crop in India. The identification and classification of diverse genotypes are crucial for implementing effective strategies to improve this crop. This study was conducted to get a comprehensive morphological characterization of desi chickpea genotypes using the DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability) descriptors suggested by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights Authority, Government of India, in 2018. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, humidity, and nutrient availability, can influence plant variability. Different environments impose selective pressures on plants resulting in variability within plant populations. The objective of the investigation was to identify and classify diverse chickpea genotypes based on 17 different qualitative traits observed in a field experiment. Among the 17 DUS traits only one trait exhibited a consistent phenotype (monomorphic), six traits displayed two distinct phenotypes (dimorphic), nine traits exhibited three distinct phenotypes (trimorphic), and only one trait showed more than three phenotypic variations (polymorphic) among all the chickpea genotypes studied. This indicates the presence of significant genetic variability within the chickpea germplasm, offering the potential for assigning different morphological profiles for varietal identification and characterization. In particular, for features like seed and foliar colour, pod size, leaflet size, and seed shape, it was found that a high level of diversity within the chickpea germplasm using Shannon's diversity indices. The characterization of these genotypes enabled the development of distinct profiles for each line, facilitating their identification and evaluation as elite chickpea lines.
In India, 600 million people are dependent on the agricultural sector, the majority of them are small farmers with up to 2 hectares of land holding. Rain-fed is two thirds of the net sown area. About 40 million hectares of this land being flood-prone and about two thirds of it is drought-prone. Geographically, the poorest people typically reside in more exposed or marginal areas, such as on nutrient-deficient soils or flood plains. Due to limited human and financial resources, the poor are also less able to respond and have very limited capacity to cope with the effects of climate change and adapt to a changing hazard burden. The great majority of the world's population is feeds through the current food system, which also supports for the livelihoods of over 1 billion people. Since 1961, The amount of food supply per capita has increased by more than 30%, accompanied by greater use of nitrogen fertilizers and water resources for irrigation. However, 821 million people are currently undernourished, 613 million women and girls between the ages of 15 to 49 are suffer from iron-deficiency, 151 million children under the age of five are stunted, and 2 billion adults are overweight or obese. Millets have a lower carbon footprint of 3,218 kg than wheat and rice, with 3,968 and 3,401 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare, respectively, helping to lessen the consequences of climate change. Because they are less demanding to external inputs, drought-tolerant, and register a comparatively lower carbon footprint than other cereals. Millets have also attracted the attention of growers and policy-makers in the current implications of adverse effects of climate change. After the institutional neglect for a few decades, millets made a comeback because to these beneficial effects. Millets are suitable staples when focusing on the food and nutritional security of the common people. However, the successful millet harvest warrants an integration of proven and climate-smart technologies to meet the future needs of the ever-growing population. In terms of marginal growing conditions and high nutritional value, millets outperform other grains like wheat and rice as climate change complaint crops.
Flax, or linseed, is considered a “superfood”, which means that it is a food with diverse health benefits and potentially useful bioactive ingredients. It is a multi-purpose crop that is prized for its seed oil, fibre, nutraceutical, and probiotic qualities. It is suited to various habitats and agro-ecological conditions. Numerous abiotic and biotic stressors that can either have a direct or indirect impact on plant health are experienced by flax plants as a result of changing environmental circumstances. Research on the impact of various stresses and their possible ameliorators is prompted by such expectations. By inducing the loss of specific alleles and using a limited number of selected varieties, modern breeding techniques have decreased the overall genetic variability required for climate-smart agriculture. However, gene banks have well-managed collectionns of landraces, wild linseed accessions, and auxiliary Linum species that serve as an important source of novel alleles. In the past, flax-breeding techniques were prioritised, preserving high yield with other essential traits. Applications of molecular markers in modern breeding have made it easy to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for various agronomic characteristics. The genetic diversity of linseed species and the evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heavy metal tolerance, and temperature, as well as resistance to biotic stress factors, viz., rust, wilt, powdery mildew, and alternaria blight, despite addressing various morphotypes and the value of linseed as a supplement, are the primary topics of this review.
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