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The effect of elevated carbon dioxide (600±50 cm 3 m -3 ; C 600 ) on growth performance, biomass production, and photosynthesis of Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. 3108 was studied. This crop responded significantly by plant height, leaf length and width, and biomass production under C 600 . Leaf area index increased triple fold in the crops grown in the open top chamber with C 600 . The biomass production in term of fresh and dry biomass accumulation increased by 134.35 (fresh) and 193.34 (dry) % over the control (C 360 ) condition where the crops were grown for 120 d. The rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased by 24.51 and 46.33 %, respectively, in C 600 over C 360 plants. In comparison with C 360 , the rate of transpiration decreased by 6.8 % under C 600 . Long-term exposure (120 d) to C 600 enhanced photosynthetic water use efficiency by 34 %. Also the contents of chlorophylls a and b significantly increased in C 600 . Thus C. ciliaris grown in C 600 throughout the crop season may produce more fodder in terms of green biomass.

The world is dealing with both agrarian and nutritional issues. We must concentrate on dry lands in order to further increase grain production because agricultural lands with irrigation facilities have been fully utilised. It is difficult to use dry lands to produce enough high-quality grains because of their low fertility. Millets, a crop that complies with climate change regulations, outperform other grains like wheat and rice in terms of poor growing conditions and high nutritional value. Sustainable food systems aim to provide sufficient and nutritious food, while maximising climate resilience and minimizing resource demands as well as negative environmental impacts. We perform a series of optimizations to maximize nutrient production (i.e., protein and iron), minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and re-source use (i.e., water and energy), or maximize resilience to climate extremes. We find that increasing the area under coarse cereals (i.e., millets, sorghum) improves nutritional supply (on average, +1% to+5% protein and +5% to +49% iron), increases climate resilience (1% to 13% fewer calories lost during an extreme dry year), and reduces GHGs (−2% to −13%) and demand for irrigation water (−3% to −21%) and energy (−2% to −12%) while maintaining calorie production and cropped area. The extent of these benefits partly depends on the feasibility of switching cropped area from rice to coarse cereals. Climate-resilient millets are regarded as "Miracle Grains" because of their ability to adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions while using less water for irrigation and producing more effectively in low-nutrient soils. They exhibit little vulnerability to environmental stresses and only minimal demand for artificial fertilisers. Reviving interest in millet groups as nutritious foods that can improve food and nutritional security and reduce malnutrition is necessary. Two main groups of millets are great millets (Sorghum and Pearl millet) and Small millets (Finger millet, Foxtail millet, Little millet, Proso millet, Barnyard millet, Kodo millet and Brown top millet) classified based on the grain size. Both great and small millets have traditionally been the main components of the food basket of the poor people in India. India stands first in area of millets with 90.94 lakh Hectare followed by Niger with 69.99 lakh Hectare. Millets area of the entire world accounts for 312.44 lakh Hectare. India also stands first in production of millets with 115.6 lakh tonnes followed by Niger with 37.9 lakh tonnes. Millets Production of the entire world accounts for 284.59 lakh tonnes. Uzbekistan stands first in yield of millets with 7563 kg per ha followed by Switzerland with 4236 kg per Hectare, yield of the entire world accounts for 910 kg per ha (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2017). Millets contain high amounts of proteins, fiber, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin, methionine, lecithin and little of vitamin E. They are rich in minerals like iron, magnesium, calcium and potassium also. Due to their nutritional value, millets may help prevent cancer, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, stop the growth of tumours, lower blood pressure, lower the rate at which fat is absorbed, delay gastric emptying, and increase gastrointestinal bulk. Value-adding millet grains as ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook foods provides farmers with a good opportunity to increase income generation, promotes production, and fosters marketing, all of which lead to the creation of jobs, income, and nutritional security. However, the successful harvest of small millets justifies the incorporation of tried-and-true and climate-smart technologies for the satisfaction of the population's future needs. The review paper focused on all these aspects. Moreover, the research scope mentioned in the review paper implies future directions for enhancing millet-based agriculture viable in diversifying food baskets and achieving food and nutritional security in a hunger-free society.

We studied the impact of 360 ± 50 µL/L (ambient) and 600 ± 50 µL/L (elevated) CO 2 on growth performance, biomass production, photosynthetic efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination, protein profile and some antioxidant enzymes on Stylosanthes hamata. This crop responded significantly to photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under elevated CO 2 . The biomass production in terms of fresh and dry was increased in elevated CO 2 by 126.81% (fresh) and 114.55% (dry) over ambient CO 2 . Long term exposure to elevated CO 2 enhanced photosynthetic water use efficiency by 127.77%. The photosynthetic pigment, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio also increased by 220.56 and 132.86%, respectively in elevated over ambient CO 2 . Around 149% increase in the soluble protein accumulation (mg/g FW) was recorded under elevated over ambient CO 2 , which was also reflected in the polyacrylamide gel profile. The isoforms of superoxide dismutase and esterase isozymes showed remarkable difference under elevated as compared to ambient. Measurement of 13 δ in different plant parts indicated a significant increase in discrimination against 13 C when plants were grown at elevated relative to ambient CO 2 . Maximum increase was recorded in roots (439.72%) followed by leaf and the stem recorded least increase in 13 δ (119.94%) in elevated over ambient CO 2 .