Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power sources that can lead us to the electric vehicle (EV) revolution. The development of new materials for Li-ion batteries is the focus of research in prominent groups in the field of materials science throughout the world. Li-ion batteries can be considered to be the most impressive success story of modern electrochemistry in the last two decades. They power most of today's portable devices, and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale for more demanding applications, such as EV. Since this field is advancing rapidly and attracting an increasing number of researchers, it is important to provide current and timely updates of this constantly changing technology. In this review, we describe the key aspects of Li-ion batteries: the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solutions, as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use, such as EV and load-leveling applications. General introductionToday the world faces energy challenges on two main frontiers: shifting electricity production from burning fuel to sustainable energy sources, and moving ground transportation towards electrical propulsion, namely, using electric vehicles (EVs) instead of cars driven by internal combustion engines (ICEs). The sources of sustainable energy fluctuate during the day and hence, the use of sustainable energy for electricity production requires the availability of suitable technology for energy storage, namely, batteries. Although we have seen very impressive progress in recent years in the development of technology for harvesting sustainable energy, e.g., better wind turbines, 1 photothermal receivers 2,3 and photovoltaic cells, 4,5 the development of storage devices is still lagging far behind. Hence, the development of batteries that can store sustainable energy with long term stability, very prolonged cycle life and meeting environmental constraints is an important challenge for modern electrochemistry.Another important requirement of modern society is to reduce the use of oil for transportation as quickly as possible due to very limited resources. Consequently, there is general agreement among politicians, leaders in the field of economics, the scientifictechnological community, and all major car makers that we have to move towards the more intensive use of EVs. The highest energy density may be provided by fuel cells (FCs). However, it seems that FC technology is not mature enough for practical EV application due to operation problems related to electro-catalysis in direct FCs, as well as some very severe problems in hydrogen storage for H 2 /O 2 FCs. 6 Hence, in the visible future, it seems that

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In this work, LiClO4 was revisited and explored as a possible electrolyte in Li-ion batteries. LiClO4 and LiPF6 solutions in alkyl carbonate solvent mixtures were compared in several aspects: electrochemical windows with noble metal and aluminum electrodes, anodic stability, surface chemistry developed on negative electrodes (Li, Li–graphite, Li–Si), the electrochemical behavior of graphite anodes and LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3normalO2 cathodes, and thermal behavior (solutions alone and mixtures of solutions and electrode materials). The anodic stability and the aluminum passivation are much better in LiPF6 solutions than in LiClO4 solutions. However, HF contamination in the former solutions worsens the passivation of negative electrodes due to reactions with surface ROCO2Li and ROLi species. Thermal reactions of LiClO4 produce more specific heat than LiPF6 solutions. However, in terms of onset temperatures for thermal runaway, the two electrolytes are equivalent. In conclusion, LiClO4 is still an electrolyte that may be considered for use in lithium-ion batteries.

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