A review of advanced and practical lithium battery materials

Marom, Rotem; Amalraj, S. Francis; Leifer, Nicole; Jacob, David S.; Aurbach, Doron

doi:10.1039/c0jm04225k

Cited by 978 publications

(614 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Because of their high power densities, lithium-ion batteries are employed in applications that are especially sensitive to weight and size, such as portable electronic devices and electric vehicles [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Generally, graphite-based materials are used for anodes due to their low cost and stable performance, but they have a limited capacity of 372 mAh/g [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural evolution induced by micro-cracking during fast lithiation of single-crystalline silicon

Choi

Pharr

Kang

et al. 2014

Journal of Power Sources

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We report observations of microstructural changes in {100} and {110} oriented silicon wafers during initial lithiation under relatively high current densities. Evolution of the microstructure during lithiation was found to depend on the crystallographic orientation of the silicon wafers. In {110} silicon wafers, the phase boundary between silicon and Li x Si remained flat and parallel to the surface. In contrast, lithiation of the {100} oriented substrate resulted in a complex vein-like microstructure of Li x Si in a crystalline silicon matrix. A simple calculation demonstrates that the formation of such structures is energetically unfavorable in the 2 absence of defects due to the large hydrostatic stresses that develop. However, TEM observations revealed micro-cracks in the {100} silicon wafer, which can create fast diffusion paths for lithium and contribute to the formation of a complex vein-like Li x Si network. This defect-induced microstructure can significantly affect the subsequent delithiation and following cycles, resulting in degradation of the electrode.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural evolution induced by micro-cracking during fast lithiation of single-crystalline silicon

Choi

Pharr

Kang

et al. 2014

Journal of Power Sources

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Individual applications demand specifically tailored batteries in order to maximize the performance of the device which depicts a great challenge and opportunity for the scientific community to diversify the spectrum of compounds that can be utilized and to adapt the setup in a fast and efficient manner. 9,10 In this respect, the electrolyte, as a multifunctional battery component, can consist of a wide array of compounds such as different solvents, conductive salts and numerous additives. The combination of various electrolyte compounds opens up the possibility to tailor the electrolyte and thus, to a significant extent, the battery cell performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Performance and Thermal Stability Studies of Two Lithium Sulfonyl Methide Salts in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes

Murmann

Schmitz

Nowak

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Electrolyte solutions, containing the lithium sulfonyl methide salts lithium-tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide (LiTFSM) and lithium-[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl]methide (LiPFSM) dissolved in organic carbonate solvents, were electrochemically investigated in Li/graphite, Li/LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NCM) half-cells and compared to the LiPF 6 based electrolyte with regard to their ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, thermal stability at 60 • C and the anodic dissolution behavior vs. Al. While the investigated salts show almost the same performance in Li/graphite half-cells compared to the LiPF 6 containing electrolyte, the methide salts show very promising results in Li/NCM half-cells, which depict superior capacity retention as well as higher Coulombic efficiencies compared to the LiPF 6 containing electrolyte. Taking the limited anodic stability as well as the occurring anodic dissolution into account, both salts but especially LiTFSM indicate the applicability in lithium ion battery electrolytes for cells with a cutoff potential up to 4. In the last 25 years the demand for lithium-ion batteries has grown tremendously. As a consequence, fundamental research has been carried out regarding the improvement and understanding of technological and safety related aspects. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Individual applications demand specifically tailored batteries in order to maximize the performance of the device which depicts a great challenge and opportunity for the scientific community to diversify the spectrum of compounds that can be utilized and to adapt the setup in a fast and efficient manner. 9,10 In this respect, the electrolyte, as a multifunctional battery component, can consist of a wide array of compounds such as different solvents, conductive salts and numerous additives. The combination of various electrolyte compounds opens up the possibility to tailor the electrolyte and thus, to a significant extent, the battery cell performance. 11-14The current state-of-the-art electrolyte composition is comprised of the conductive salt lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) dissolved in a mixture of cyclic (e.g. ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate [15][16][17][18][19] ) and linear carbonates (e.g. dimethyl-, diethyl-and ethyl-methyl carbonate). 11,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] However, with increasing demands on the electrolyte regarding thermal and/or electrochemical stability, the limitations of such electrolyte mixtures are unraveled. 11,26,27 Alternative electrolyte compositions that depict certain improvements compared to the state-of-the-art electrolyte are still required to fulfil the following properties: a sufficient ionic conductivity to transport the lithium ions, the ability to form an effective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphitic anode 28-37 which enables stable cycling in the low potential range as well as inertness toward aluminum to avoid anodic dissolution of the current collector on the cathode side. 38,39 In addition to performance, more...

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“…However, the theoretical electrical capacities of these quinones are in the range of 257 to 495 mAh g −1 , which are comparable to or greater than those of present secondary batteries. 15 This study investigates the charge-discharge performance of an RFCB and its cyclability using AQ as a hydrogen carrier in the temperature range from room temperature to 75…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable PEM Fuel-Cell Batteries Using Quinones as Hydrogen Carriers

Nagao

Kobayashi

Yamamoto

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Rechargeable fuel-cell batteries (RFCBs) that employ organic chemical hydrides as hydrogen storage media have potential as nextgeneration power sources; however, the reversible storage and release of hydrogen remains a significant challenge. In particular, the hydrogenation of organic compounds during cell charge is difficult to achieve with 100% conversion. However, this report demonstrates that quinones, especially anthraquinone (AQ), can function as a hydrogen carrier for RFCBs, where AQ is hydrogenated to anthrahydroquinone (AH 2 Q) during charge and AH 2 Q is dehydrogenated to AQ during discharge. This redox reaction occurred at a more positive potential than that for hydrogen reduction, so that undesired hydrogen production can be avoided by adjusting the charge voltage to 1 V. The resulting RFCB maintained 100% electrical capacity at room temperature, 91% at 50 • C, and 63% at 75 • C of the respective initial performance with coulombic efficiencies greater than 90% after 300 cycles. Moreover, the RFCB functioned as a secondary battery with energy densities of 0.8-3.4 Wh kg −1 , power densities of 9.5-258.9 W kg −1 , and as a fuel cell with power densities of 0.001-0.26 W cm −3 . Based on the performance and degradation data, the limitations of this RFCB and directions for future research are discussed. A system or device capable of operating an electrochemical cell alternately in electrolyzer and fuel cell modes is called a rechargeable or regenerative fuel cell (RFC).1,2 Applications for RFCs include large-scale renewable energy storage and middle-scale emergency or auxiliary power sources, 3 where hydrogen is usually stored outside the fuel cell to obtain substantially high energy. In contrast, RFCs can be used as energy storage systems for portable electronic devices by integration of the fuel cell with the hydrogen storage medium; however, such electrochemical cells should be classified as batteries rather than fuel cells, because the fuel is not supplied from an external source, but is an integral part of the device. 4 Thus, we have designated this type of cell as a rechargeable fuel-cell battery (RFCB).Hydrogen storage with high capacity, excellent reversibility, and good cycle stability is a key technology for both RFC and RFCB. Typical hydrogen storage methods (in addition to liquefaction or compression of hydrogen) include the physical and chemical adsorption of hydrogen atoms or molecules into materials such as activated carbon and metal hydrides. Activated carbon often requires low temperatures (>−200• C) and/or high pressures (<10 MPa) to achieve high hydrogen adsorption capacity.5 Metal hydrides typically release hydrogen at high temperatures (>150• C). 6 Thus, it is difficult to use these materials as reversible hydrogen carriers for RFCBs because a series of hydrogen production, storage, supply, and utilization processes cannot be conducted under the RFCB operating conditions (e.g., room temperature to 80• C at ambient pressure). Organic chemical hydrides, such as benzene/cyclohexane, tolue...

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A review of advanced and practical lithium battery materials

Cited by 978 publications

References 84 publications

Microstructural evolution induced by micro-cracking during fast lithiation of single-crystalline silicon

Microstructural evolution induced by micro-cracking during fast lithiation of single-crystalline silicon

Electrochemical Performance and Thermal Stability Studies of Two Lithium Sulfonyl Methide Salts in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes

Rechargeable PEM Fuel-Cell Batteries Using Quinones as Hydrogen Carriers

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