The Mercury Imaging X-ray Spectrometer is a highly novel instrument that is designed to map Mercury’s elemental composition from orbit at two angular resolutions. By observing the fluorescence X-rays generated when solar-coronal X-rays and charged particles interact with the surface regolith, MIXS will be able to measure the atomic composition of the upper ∼10-20 μm of Mercury’s surface on the day-side. Through precipitating particles on the night-side, MIXS will also determine the dynamic interaction of the planet’s surface with the surrounding space environment. MIXS is composed of two complementary elements: MIXS-C is a collimated instrument which will achieve global coverage at a similar spatial resolution to that achieved (in the northern hemisphere only – i.e. ∼ 50 – 100 km) by MESSENGER; MIXS-T is the first ever X-ray telescope to be sent to another planet and will, during periods of high solar activity (or intense precipitation of charged particles), reveal the X-ray flux from Mercury at better than 10 km resolution. The design, performance, scientific goals and operations plans of the instrument are discussed, including the initial results from commissioning in space.

We extracted the harmonic frequency separation (Δf) of Ionospheric Alfvén Resonances (IAR) observed in the Eskdalemuir induction coil magnetometer data for the 9 year data set of 2013–2021. To obtain Δf values, we used a machine learning technique that identifies the harmonics and from this we calculated the average separation. To investigate the climatology of the IAR, we have modeled the Δf of the IAR for the data set using a time of flight calculation with model Alfvén velocity profiles. When analyzing Δf from the model and data, we found that in general they follow the same trends. The modeled Δf and Δf from the data both show an inverse correlation with foF2, which confirms that the frequencies of the IAR are controlled by electron density. It follows that Δf is greater around midnight and during the winter months, due to the decrease in plasma mass density. Variability is also reflected when comparing yearly trends in Δf with the sunspot number; higher frequencies are observed and modeled at low sunspot number. It is difficult to examine trends with instantaneous geomagnetic activity as IAR are not visible in spectrograms when geomagnetic activity is high. We find cases where the difference in measured and modeled Δf is significant, suggesting that the model does not capture short term variations in plasma mass density that influence the IAR during these days. We plan to undertake further modeling of Δf on shorter timescales.

<p>Ionospheric Alfvén Resonances (IAR) are observed in the British Geological Survey's ground based induction coil magnetometer data at Eskdalemuir. IAR are caused when Alfvén waves are partially reflected at boundaries of changing plasma density in the ionosphere. At the boundaries, the Alfvén velocity reaches a maximum and the IAR occurs in the cavity which is in the F region. In the data we observed some unusual variations in the frequency of the harmonics and so created a model to investigate this. We have modelled the harmonic frequency separation of the IAR using the magnetic field strength from the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, and the electron density and ion composition from the International Reference Ionosphere. We found the Alfvén velocity and calculated the time of flight for the Alfvén wave to travel up and down the cavity, and hence we found the frequency. The model shows that the frequency is highest in the winter, and often shows a double peak each day in the winter months. We then compared the model of the harmonic frequency separations to the harmonic frequency separations from the data, determined from an autocorrelation analysis of the observed spectra.</p>