Abstract. Three intervals of polar patch formation, as observed by the CUTLASS Finland HF coherent radar, are presented. Simultaneous observations from a vertical ionosonde located at Longyearbyen on Svalbard, situated in the dayside convection throat region, allow for F-region plasma structuring, leading to polar cap patch formation to be determined. Solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) pre-cursors of polar patch formation are investigated with MFI and SWE measurements from the Wind spacecraft. We find that in the cases studied polar cap patches are formed in response to changes in the orientation of the IMF, especially in the B Y component. The resultant changes in the dayside convection pattern alter the source of plasma drifting through the convection throat region into the polar cap. When the convection flow is directed predominantly polewards, high density sub-auroral or mid-latitude plasma enters the polar cap; when flow is directed zonally, low density plasma entrained in the convection return flow replaces it. This mechanism can act to significantly structure the plasma density at sub-auroral or mid-latitudes as well as in the polar cap. In winter months, polar patches appear to be produced by depletions in an otherwise high plasma density tongue of ionisation. In summer months, patches are enhancements of an otherwise low density tongue of ionisation.

Abstract. The first statistical study of the unstable proton populations which contain "free energy" required to drive small-scale poloidal mode ULF waves in the magnetosphere between L-shell locations of 6 and 9 is presented. The data examined are all in the form of Ion Distribution Functions (IDFs) covering a particle energy range of 0.025 keV to 328 keV, amassed over 2.5 years from the TIMAS and CAMMICE (MICS) instruments on-board the Polar spacecraft. Any free energy which is available to drive a resonant wave mode manifests itself as a positive gradient region in the IDF. A new analysis technique applied to the data, allows for the first time, the amount of free energy contained in each IDF to be quantified. The results show that IDFs are a common occurrence in the magnetosphere at these L-shells, although they are most common in the dawn/pre-noon sector. Lower energy (10-45 keV) protons are the most commonly observed unstable populations and also contain the largest amounts of free energy (>10 10 J). Positive gradient regions at higher energies (>100 keV) are rarely observed and also contain greatly reduced free energies (<10 9 J).

Using the EquatorS spacecraft and Super-DARN HF radars an extensive survey of bursty reconnection at the magnetopause and associated¯ows in the polar ionosphere has been conducted. Flux transfer event (FTE) signatures were identi®ed in the EquatorS magnetometer data during periods of magnetopause contact in January and February 1998. Assuming the eects of the FTEs propagate to the polar ionosphere as geomagnetic ®eld-aligned-currents and associated Alfve n-waves, appropriate ®eld mappings to the ®eldsof-view of SuperDARN radars were performed. The radars observed discrete ionospheric¯ow channel events (FCEs) of the type previously assumed to be related to pulse reconnection. Such FCEs were associated with 80% of the FTEs and the two signatures are shown to be statistically associated with greater than 99% con®dence. Exemplary case studies highlight the nature of the ionospheric¯ows and their relation to the high latitude convection pattern, the association methodology, and the problems caused by instrument limitations.

Abstract. HF radar backscatter, which has been artificiallyinduced by a high power RF facility such as the EISCAT heater at Tromsø, has provided coherent radar ionospheric electric field data of unprecedented temporal resolution and accuracy. Here such data are used to investigate ULF wave processes observed by both the CUTLASS HF radars and the EISCAT UHF radar. Data from the SP-UK-OUCH experiment have revealed small-scale (high azimuthal wave number, m ≈ −45) waves, predominantly in the morning sector, thought to be brought about by the drift-bounce resonance processes. Conjugate observations from the Polar CAM-MICE instrument indicate the presence of a non-Maxwellian ion distribution function. Further statistical analysis has been undertaken, using the Polar TIMAS instrument, to reveal the prevalence and magnitude of the non-Maxwellian energetic particle populations thought to be responsible for generating these wave types.

Abstract. We present magnetospheric observations of very large amplitude global scale ULF waves, from 9 and 10 December 2000 when the upstream solar wind speed exceeded 600 km/s. We characterise these ULF waves using groundbased magnetometer, radar and optical instrumentation on both the dawn and dusk flanks; we find evidence to support the hypothesis that discrete frequency field line resonances (FLRs) were being driven by magnetospheric waveguide modes. During the early part of this interval, Cluster was on an outbound pass from the northern dusk side magnetospheric lobe into the magnetosheath, local-time conjugate to the Canadian sector. In situ magnetic fluctuations, observed by Cluster FGM, show evidence of quasiperiodic motion of the magnetosheath boundary layer with the same period as the ULF waves seen on the ground. Our observations represent the first simultaneous magnetometer, radar and optical observations of the characteristics of FLRs, and confirm the potential importance of ULF waves for magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, particularly via the generation and modulation of electron precipitation into the ionosphere. The in situ Cluster measurements support the hypothesis that, during intervals of fast solar wind speed, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) can excite magnetospheric waveguide modes which bathe the flank magnetosphere with discrete frequency ULF wave power and drive large amplitude FLRs. Paper submitted to the special issue devoted to "Cluster: First scientific results", Ann. Geophysicae, 19, 10/11/12, 2001.