Objective: To determine the efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on shoulder function in participants with secondary shoulder impingement. Background: Previous research has established a relationship between shoulder muscle weakness and causation of secondary shoulder impingement. Recent evidence has shown that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation was effective in relieving pain and increasing overhead reach. However, none of the studies have measured shoulder function after PNF application. Methods: This study used a pretest–posttest experimental group design. Thirty participants (15 male and 15 female) with a diagnosis of secondary shoulder impingement were recruited from a hospital setting and divided into two groups. Group 1 received both PNF and the conventional protocol while group 2 received only the conventional protocol. Both groups received the intervention for a period of 3 weeks. Shoulder Pain And Disability Index (SPADI) score and overhead reach were analysed in both groups. Results: Group 1 showed significant improvement over Group 2 in terms of SPADI score and overhead reach. The experimental group showed significant improvement in (reduction of) SPADI score over the control group (23.8 ± 4.9) at a significance level of P<0.0001. The experimental group showed a significant difference over the control group for overhead reach (3.63 ± 1.8) at a significance level of P<0.03. Conclusion: The addition of PNF to conventional treatment brings significant improvement in shoulder function in comparison to conventional treatment alone in participants with secondary shoulder impingement. PNF helps in early recovery.
Background: Iontophoresis is a technique of transferring ions into the tissues through the skin by using direct current. It can serve as a substitute for chemical enhancer, eliminates toxicity and adverse reaction formulation problems associated with chemical enhancer. Purpose: The purpose of this literature is to review the studies to see the effectiveness of Fentanyl Iontophoresis in the post operative acute pain and also to find out whether it helps in facilitating the physiotherapy in the post operative acute phase. Methods and Materials: The database literature search was carried out in the electronic database - Medline, and Research gate. Iontophoresis, Post-operative acute pain, Fentanyl Iontophoresis were the key words used to search in the electronic database. Randomized control trials, systematic review, meta-analysis, and case studies included into the review. Conclusion: Fentanyl iontophoresis system offers safety advantages in terms of opioid related drug adverse events (ORADEs) compared with morphine (iv) patient controlled analgesia for the management of acute postoperative pain. Fentanyl iontophoresis is highly potent and capable in relieving the post operative acute pain. This system of transferring ions into the tissues through the skin can play important role in initiating early physiotherapy and improve the mobility and functional limitations of the patient. Key words: Iontophoresis, Post-operative acute pain, Fentanyl Iontophoretic System.
Drought is one of the important natural disasters which lead to maximum severity to human among all others. The vulnerability increases with the resource poor nature of developing and under developing nations. Considering the extent of rainfed area in India, the vulnerability to drought is higher compared to other peer nations. It has implications on agriculture, livestock, fisheries, rural employment, human nutrition and health. However, the impact initiates with crop production and encompasses livestock in medium term which has severe economic implications for farmer. Therefore, it is desirable to present an extensive study on the impact of drought on major crops and livestock in India. Further, we have also emphasized on the remedial measures to be followed for crop production and livestock.
Phosphorus is one of the primary nutrients required in crop production. Rock phosphate is the raw material required for the manufacturing of soluble phosphorus fertilizers, which is nonrenewable in nature and expected to last for 50–400 years. The restriction of resources to few geographical locations makes its supply more vulnerable. In India, 90% of the rock phosphate for fertilizer manufacturing is imported. However, the low quality of rock phosphate deposits available in India can be utilized with certain modifications in the form of addition of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, addition of gypsum, and in the form of phospho-enriched compost. Agriculture, livestock, urban and industrial waste can also prove to be a source of phosphorus through crystallization of struvite. There are encouraging results of struvite compared with soluble phosphorus fertilizers. This will reduce the import dependency in India as well as encourage the Atmanirbhar initiative in phosphorus fertilizer.
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