Background: Prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in young individuals is increasing progressively.Previous studies have focused on the analysis of risk factors and to some extent coronary angiographic profile in young vs. old patients with acute coronary syndrome, but no study compared the angiographic profile in young patients based on the type of acute coronary syndrome. So, this study was conducted to determine the differences in demographic and coronary angiographic profile of young patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) vs. those with non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA).Methods: We retrospectively analyzed young patients (age <40 years) with acute coronary syndrome who underwent coronary angiography at Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, India between April 2010 and March 2011. Coronary risk factor profile and angiographic features were compared between STEMI and NSTEMI/UA patients.Results: Of 8,268 patients who underwent coronary angiography during the study period, 820 (~10%) were ≤40 year age. Of them, 611 exhibited STEMI and 209 exhibited NSTEMI/UA. Angiographic analysis revealed that single-vessel disease was significantly more common in the STEMI group (56.6% vs. 36.6% respectively; P<0.001) whereas triple-vessel disease was significantly more common in the NSTEMI/UA group (3.6% vs. 10.5% respectively; P<0.001). Conversely, left anterior descending coronary artery was more commonly involved in the STEMI group (55.3% vs. 40.2% respectively; P<0.001), whereas left circumflex coronary artery was more commonly involved in the NSTEMI/UA group (11.8 vs. 23.4% respectively; P<0.001). Of note, smoking/tobacco consumption was the most significant coronary risk factor with prevalence as high as 65% in both groups.Conclusions: In the present study, significant differences were observed in coronary risk factor profile and angiographic features between young patients with STEMI and NSTEMI/UA. Larger studies will be required to establish specific associations between presentation of acute coronary syndromes and angiographic profiles in young patients.

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This study concludes that core muscle strengthening exercise along with lumbar flexibility and gluteus maximus strengthening is an effective rehabilitation technique for all chronic low back pain patients irrespective of duration (less than one year and more than one year) of their pain.

Background: There are about 1387 prisons in the country with an authorized accommodation of 356,561; however, the total number of jail inmates is 418536 indicating severe overcrowding in prisons. Prison population is an underserved section of the society. Often their health problems are neglected. They carry a much greater burden of illness than other members of the society; they harbour diseases that are determined both by the environment out of which they come and by the prison in which they live. Therefore, present study was conducted with the aim of studying the mental health status of persons from a section of our society, who were condemned by law and are behind the high walls.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on 400 convicted inmates in district jail, Rohtak, Haryana over the period of one and half years. Data was collected by interview method using DASS-21 scale and analysed by SPSS 20.0 and Chi square test was applied for results.Results: The prevalence of depression came out to be 18.5%, anxiety came out to be 8% and stress was found to be prevalent in 8% of the convicted inmates confined in jail which was much higher in comparison to general population.Conclusions: As the prevalence of depression, stress and anxiety was found much higher in convicts than the general population, there should be a timely screening, diagnosis and appropriate intervention to combat the mental health problems.

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Fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum is one of the most important bacterial diseases of poultry. The present study was undertaken to ascertain the epidemiological status of fowl typhoid in broilers in Haryana for the past four years (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008) and to establish the role of hatcheries in spreading the Salmonella infection. A total of 227 outbreaks of fowl typhoid were recorded in chickens during the period from January 2005 to December 2008. The maximum number of outbreaks (96) was recorded in the age group of 7-9 days during the past four years. Maximum mortality and case fatality rate were found in chickens of 1-2 weeks of age. Temporal distribution of the disease indicates more outbreaks in extreme weather conditions. From spatial distribution of the disease, it was evident that the disease was prevalent in nine districts of Haryana out of 20. By analysing the data regarding the prevalence of Salmonella infection in hatcheries, more than one third (37.8%) of hatcheries were found to be infected with Salmonella, which is an alarming situation for the region.

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Introduction: Submitral aneurysm is a rare cardiac entity with outpouching in relation to the posterior annulus of the mitral valve. Multiple etiology have been described with the role of infection and inflammation with varied clinical presentation in different case reports. However, the literature on clinical outcome and follow-up is lacking.Material and Method: This retrospective, observational study included all the adult patients (>18 years) who were diagnosed with a submitral aneurysm. Epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data were extracted and followed for the endpoints of cardiac death, noncardiac death, recurrent hospitalization (due to heart failure, rupture, arrhythmic events, embolic events), surgical repair, and echocardiography parameters for mitral regurgitation or change in the size of the left ventricle for 1-year postdischarge from the index hospitalization.Results: A total of 10 patients were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 31.2 ± 11.1 years. Possible etiology could be established in only five (50%) patients (two patients had tuberculosis and three patients had acute coronary syndrome). At index hospitalization, nine (90%) patients had heart failure, two (20%) patients had rupture of a submitral aneurysm, four patients underwent surgery, and one patient expired. On follow-up of 1 year, one more patient underwent surgical repair while three patients expired. Conclusion:A submitral aneurysm is a rare cardiac entity with poor outcomes.