Recebido em 17/10/03; aceito em 26/8/04; publicado na web em 23/11/04 BIODIESEL FROM SOYBEAN: CHARACTERIZATION AND CONSUMPTION IN AN ENERGY GENERATOR. Biodiesel was produced by the transesterification of neutral soybean oil and anhydrous ethanol using NaOH as catalyst. Combinations of biodiesel and diesel in the proportions of 0,5,10,20,40, 60, 80 and 100% were tested, respectively, as fuel in an energy generator. The average consumption and mixture performance were analysed. The tests showed a reduction in Diesel oil consumption when mixed with up to 20% of biodiesel. The quality characteristics of these fuels were analyzed.Keywords: biodiesel; ethyl esters; transesterification. INTRODUÇÃOA maior parte de toda a energia consumida no mundo provém do petróleo, do carvão e do gás natural. Essas fontes são limitadas e com previsão de esgotamento no futuro, portanto, a busca por fontes alternativas de energia é de suma importância 1 . Neste contexto, os óleos vegetais aparecem como uma alternativa para substituição ao óleo diesel em motores de ignição por compressão [2][3][4] , sendo o seu uso testado já em fins do século XIX, produzindo resultados satisfatórios no próprio motor diesel 5,6 . Esta possibilidade de emprego de combustíveis de origem agrícola em motores do ciclo diesel é bastante atrativa tendo em vista o aspecto ambiental, por serem uma fonte renovável de energia 5,7,8 e pelo fato do seu desenvolvimento permitir a redução da dependência de importação de petróleo 7 . Foi constatado, porém, que a aplicação direta dos óleos vegetais nos motores é limitada por algumas propriedades físicas dos mesmos 2 , principalmente sua alta viscosidade, sua baixa volatilidade e seu caráter poliinsaturado, que implicam em alguns problemas nos motores, bem como em uma combustão incompleta 2,[9][10][11] . Assim, visando reduzir a viscosidade dos óleos vegetais, diferentes alternativas têm sido consideradas, tais como diluição, microemulsão com metanol ou etanol, craqueamento catalítico e reação de transesterificação com etanol ou metanol 2,5 . Entre essas alternativas, a transesterificação tem se apresentado como a melhor opção 2,12 , visto que o processo é relativamente simples 1 promovendo a obtenção de um combustível, denominado biodiesel, cujas propriedades são similares às do óleo diesel 3,8,9,13 . O biodiesel pode então ser definido como sendo um mono-alquil éster de ácidos graxos derivado de fontes renováveis, como óleos vegetais e gorduras animais 4,14,15 , obtido através de um processo de transesterificação, no qual ocorre a transformação de triglicerídeos em moléculas menores de ésteres de ácidos graxos 9,12 . Encontra-se registrado na "Environment Protection Agency -EPA -USA" como combustível e como aditivo para combustíveis e pode ser usado puro a 100% (B100), em mistura com o diesel de petróleo (B20), ou numa proporção baixa como aditivo de 1 a 5% 16; sua utilização está associada à substituição de combustíveis fósseis em motores do ciclo diesel 6,17 , sem haver a necessidade de nenhuma modificação no motor 18...
RESUMO -O maracujá (Passiflora edulis) é originário da América Tropical, muito cultivado no Brasil, rico em vitamina C, cálcio e fósforo. Cascas e sementes de maracujá, provenientes do processo de corte e extração da fruta para obtenção do suco, são ainda, atualmente, em grande parte descartadas. Como este descarte representa inúmeras toneladas, agregar valor a estes subprodutos é de interesse econômico, científico e tecnológico. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar e verificar um melhor aproveitamento das sementes excedentes do processamento do suco do maracujá na alimentação humana. Procedeu-se, para tanto, à separação das partes da fruta, com posterior quantificação gravimétrica. As sementes obtidas foram secas em estufa, e posteriormente moídas para a obtenção de um farelo. O óleo do farelo obtido foi extraído em soxhlet e caracterizado através da metodologia oficial da AOCS (1995). O farelo desengordurado obtido foi também caracterizado por métodos físico-químicos, através da determinação do teor de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, fibras, cinzas e carboidratos por metodologia oficial AOAC (1984). O óleo extraído das sementes apresentou elevado teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (87,54%), com predominância do ácido linoléico, com índice de iodo de 136,5g I 2 /100g. O farelo desengordurado obtido apresentou teor da 10,53% de umidade; 15,62% de proteínas; 0,68% de lipídeos; 1,8% de cinzas, um elevado teor de fibras de 58,98 e 12,39% de carboidratos. Termos para indexação: Óleo de semente, descarte, subprodutos. CHARACTERIZATION OF BY-PRODUCTS OF PASSION FRUIT INDUSTRIALIZATION UTILIZATION OF SEEDSABSTRACT -The passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is originary from Tropical America and has been growing largely in Brazil, being a crop very rich in vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus. Peels and seeds of Passion fruit that come from the cut and extraction process of fruit in order to extract juice are still throw out in large amounts. As such amounts depict lots tons, ascribing values to the by-products is of great economical, scientific and technological interest. The aim of the current manuscript is to characterize a better utilization of seeds deriving from the processing of passion fruit juice for human nutrition. For that, a separation procedure for different parts of the fruit with gravimetric quantification has been adopted. The obtained seeds were dried in stove and afterwards grounded for obtaining the bran. The oil of the obtained bran was extracted with hexane and characterized by means of an official methodology proposed by AOCS (1995). The non greased bran has also been characterized by physical-chemical methods, through determination of the moisture, protein, lipid, fiber, ashes and carbohydrates contents based on the official methodology recommended by the AOAC (1984). The oil extracted from the seeds showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acid (87.54%), with a predominance of the linoleic acid, whose iodine index was of 136.5g I 2 /100g. The non greased bran showed contents of moisture,...
Effects of lime and gypsum applications on the quality of soybeans grown under no-till (NT) are not well defined yet. A field trial established in 1998 on a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox, at Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil, evaluated grain yield and soybean quality based on oil, protein and nutrient content, after lime and gypsum applications under NT, in a randomized complete block design (n = 3), split-plot experiment. In the main plots, the treatments with dolomitic lime were: control (no lime), split application of lime on the surface (three yearly applications of 1.5 Mg ha -1 ), surface lime (4.5 Mg ha -1 ), and incorporated lime (4.5 Mg ha -1 ). Subplots received four different rates of gypsum: 0, 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha -1 . The soybean crop was evaluated in the agricultural years of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. After 58 months, the correction of acidity through surface liming, with full or split rates, was more pronounced in the top layer (0-0.05 m) and there was greater reaction at the depths of 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m when lime was incorporated. Surface or incorporated liming had no effect on grain yield, soybean oil and protein content. Gypsum improved chemical subsoil conditions, raising pH (0.01 mol L -1 CaCl 2 ) as well as Ca 2+ and S-SO 4 2-contents; it also caused exchangeable Mg 2+ leaching in the soil profile. The application of gypsum did not affect grain yield, yet it improved soybean quality through an increase in protein and S contents, in [2003][2004], and in grain P, K and Ca, in the two cropping years. The use of gypsum in NT soybeans can be especially important for fields of seeds production. Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, soil acidity, oil, protein, nutrient PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DA SOJA EM FUNÇÃO DA CALAGEM E APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO RESUMO: Os efeitos da aplicação de calcário e gesso na qualidade da soja cultivada em plantio direto não são muito conhecidos. O experimento foi instalado em 1998 em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa, em Ponta Grossa (PR), com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de soja e a concentração de óleo, proteína e nutrientes nos grãos, após a aplicação de calcário e gesso em plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas, os tratamentos com calcário dolomítico foram: testemunha (sem calcário), calcário parcelado na superfície (três aplicações anuais de 1,5 Mg ha -1 ), calcário na superfície (4,5 Mg ha -1 ) e calcário incorporado (4,5 Mg ha -1 ). As subparcelas receberam quatro doses de gesso: 0, 3, 6 e 9 Mg ha -1 . A cultura da soja foi avaliada nos anos agrícolas de 2002-2003 e 2003-2004. Após 58 meses, a correção da acidez pela calagem na superfície, com ou sem parcelamento, foi mais acentuada na camada superficial do solo (0-0,05 m) e houve maior reação nas profundidades de 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m quando o calcário foi incorporado. A calagem superficial ou incorporada não influenciou a produção de grãos e as concentrações de óleo e prot...
The growing global demand for vegetable oils for food and for replacing fossil fuels leads to increased oilseeds production. Almost 122 of the current 187 million tons of vegetable oils produced in the world correspond to palm and soybean oils. The oil palm is cultivated in the tropical zone, in areas formerly occupied by forests, and soybean oil is a by-product of protein meal production. The diversification of raw materials for the vegetable oil market is thus strategic for both food and non-food sectors. Sources for vegetable oil should be economically competitive and provide sustainability indexes higher than that provided by oil palm and soybean. In this context, we describe the potential of Acrocomia aculeata, popularly known as macauba. Macauba is an American palm from the tropical zones which presents oil productivity and quality similar to that of the oil palm. It grows spontaneously in a wide range of environments and it is not very water demanding. Macauba palm has a high potential for oil production and for diversification of co-products with some potential of value aggregation. Such a perennial and sustainable species will probably fulfill the requirements to become an important new commercial oilseed crop.
Recebido em 30/1/08; aceito em 15/7/08; publicado na web em 5/12/08 EVALUATION OF OXIDATION STABILITY OF SUNFLOWER OIL BIODIESEL WITH ANTIOXIDANTS. Biodiesel can contain unsaturated fatty acids, which are susceptible to oxidation, being able to change into polymerized compounds. In this work biodiesel was characterized according to physical-chemistry parameters and the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) added to biofuel was analyzed. Biodiesel was submitted to accelerate oxidation in the Schaal oven test, and peroxide value was analyzed.The absorptivity values at 232 nm and 270 nm and oxidative stability in Rancimat ® were determined. It was observed that TBHQ presented superior antioxidant activity than BHT and BHA. Keywords: energy; peroxidation; lipid oxidation. introdUçãoDentre os complexos com grandes potenciais de crescimento está inserido aquele relacionado com a exploração do girassol. Isso porque, a priori, pode-se inferir que no Brasil a produção, o processamento e o consumo da oleaginosa, bem como dos seus principais derivados (óleo e farelo) estão muito abaixo do potencial.1 O girassol é uma cultura que apresenta características desejáveis sob o ponto de vista agronômico, como ciclo curto, elevada qualidade e bom rendimento em óleo, 2 que fazem dela uma boa opção aos produtores brasileiros.Os desafios que o girassol enfrenta no Brasil são basicamente três: oferecer aos produtores uma cultura alternativa que, em caráter complementar, possibilite uma segunda colheita, sobre a mesma área e mesmo ano agrícola; oferecer mais uma matéria-prima oleaginosa às indústrias de processamento de outros grãos, reduzindo sua ociosidade e, finalmente, oferecer ao mercado um óleo comestível de alto valor nutritivo.3 Junta-se a esses desafios a alternativa atual da produção de energia, já que o óleo de girassol pode ser utilizado como matéria-prima para produção de biodiesel. 1 O biodiesel não polui o meio ambiente e também traz vantagens econômicas, pois sua produção e o cultivo de matérias-primas contribuirão para a criação de milhares de novos empregos na agricultura familiar, principalmente nas regiões mais pobres do Brasil. 4 Biodiesel pode ser obtido de fontes renováveis, como óleos vegetais, através de processo de transesterificação, 5,6 no qual ocorre a conversão de triglicerídeos em ésteres de ácidos graxos.7 A maior parte do biodiesel produzido no mundo deriva dos óleos de soja e canola, 8 porém, segundo Parente, 9 todos os óleos vegetais podem ser transformados em biodiesel. Dentre estes, o óleo de girassol destaca-se por suas excelentes características físico-químicas, cuja produção da oleaginosa está entre as maiores culturas do mundo, 10 apresentando viabilidade técnico-ambiental na produção de biocombustíveis. 11O perfil de ácidos graxos dos óleos e gorduras favorece o desenvolvimento da rancidez oxidativa devido à quantidade de ácidos graxos insaturados, principalmente os ácidos oléico (C18:1), linoléico (C18:2) e l...
Babassu (Orbignya sp.) is a palm with extraordinary socioeconomic and ecologic importance found in humid tropical areas in Brazil, especially in frequently burned and degraded landscapes. There are several uses for babassu oil; however, its potential for providing other industrial products remains unexploited, due to the lack of scale and production structure. Oil and presscake extracted from kernels are industrially produced, while the remaining parts of the babassu coconut have the potential to add value as byproducts. This study aimed to establish conditions for the preparation of the raw material fruit of babassu for oil extraction by pressing and producing biodiesel by ethanolic transesterification. Babassu coconuts were dried at 75 and 90 °C. The separation of the fractions rich in fiber, starch, kernel and mesocarp was performed in appropriate equipments. The starch content in the mesocarp fractions of babassu coconuts dried at 75 and at 90 °C were 54 and 56 %, respectively and lipids represented 65 % of the kernel. Oil and press cake were obtained through hydraulic and continuous press, biodiesel was produced and the quality of products was compared. The total of saturated fatty acid in babassu oil was between 78 and 82 %, and the total of unsaturated fatty acids that promote good oxidative stability in the oil was in the range of 17 to 20 %. Oil obtained by cold pressing extraction and its biodiesel had better results in terms of quality. The quality of oils is within the Codex standard and biodiesel from oil extracted by cold pressing had higher oxidative stability. Keywords: biofuel, quality, integral use IntroductionThe world's increasing demand for energy makes biodiesel an alternative that can replace oil-derived fuels due to its renewable, biodegradable and low-carbonemission profile. Among several plant species capable of producing vegetable oil as raw material for biodiesel production, palms are considered the most promising species. In the eastern Amazon, the babassu palm (Orbignya sp.) is one of the most important Brazilian palm trees that attracts special attention. The fruit of the babassu comprises epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and kernel each accounting for 11, 23, 59 and 7 % of the total mass, respectively (Soler et al., 2007). Harvesting is limited to the collection and transporting of coconuts to where they will be broken up for the kernels to be extracted. Activities related to the babassu kernels generate about 300,000 jobs, from collection, normally undertaken by the "babassu breakers", to the oil refining location. The state of Maranhão is the largest babassu producer in Brazil, responsible for the production of almost 80 % of the country's output, corresponding to 120 tons (t) in the 2005 base year. Local industries produce about 60 t per year of babassu oil, (Silva et al., 2010).Kernels are the most intensive components used in babassu oil extraction because of their lauric acid level (Soler et al., 2007). Estimated kernel production is 1.409 million t (IBGE, 2010). On the...
The use of the defatted baru almond (Dipteryx alata Vog.) prevents the production of waste residues after extraction of its oil (partially defatted baru flour), representing a process of interest from an environmental point of view. The aim of this study was to prepare oat cookies with functional properties, replacing 100% soy oil for baru oil and 30% wheat flour for partially defatted baru flour (baru cookie). Baru cookies presented a higher moisture (7.80%), probably due to the high content of dietary fiber (3.78%), resulting in a lower calorie content (457.46 kcal.100 g ). Baru oil increased the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (~ 76.11%), consisting of approximately 50.37% monounsaturated (MUFA), and 25.74% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The total phenolic compound content was approximately doubled in the baru cookie. As such, the baru cookie presents an interesting composition from a nutritional point of view, having a high protein and dietary fiber content, in addition to presenting substantial concentrations of iron and oleic acid, and may be used as part of a healthy diet.Keywords: baru; unsaturated fatty acids; whole utilization of foods; food composition; dietary fibers.Practical Application: The use of baru in cookies increases their protein content, iron and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid.
Hamsters were fed for 4 weeks on four different diets: control (C) (balanced diet containing 20 % corn oil as the lipid source), hypercholesterolemic (H) (identical to C but containing 12 % coconut oil, 8 % corn oil and 0.1 % cholesterol as the lipid source), amaranth oil (A) (identical to H without corn oil but with amaranth oil), and squalene (S) (identical to H but admixed with squalene in the ratio found in amaranth oil). There were no significant differences in lipid profile, and in the cholesterol excreted in the animals' feces from amaranth oil (A) and squalene (S) groups. Fecal excretion of bile acids was greater in the amaranth oil (A) and squalene groups (S) as compared to the other groups. The scores of steatosis and parenchymal inflammation observed in the amaranth oil (A) and squalene groups (S) were superior to the ones observed in the other groups. Our findings demonstrated that amaranth oil, and its component squalene, increased the excretion of bile acids but did not have a hypocholesterolemic effect in hamsters fed on a diet containing high amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol.
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