ResumenIntroducción y objetivos: la forma corporal (FC) y la imagen corporal (IC) son parte de la estructura física externa, por lo tanto, las modificaciones en la forma del cuerpo afectan necesariamente a la imagen corporal; sin embargo, combinados ambos no han sido estudiados. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la relación estadística entre FC e IC en estudiantes universitarios. Método: doscientos noventa y seis participantes (17-35 años) fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se utilizaron diferentes medidas antropométricas para definir el somatotipo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura/cadera (ICC) y circunferencia de cintura (CC). Además, se aplicó un cuestionario sobre la percepción de la imagen corporal (McElhone et al.), relacionado con: "¿cómo me veo?", "¿cómo pienso que los demás me ven?", "¿cómo me ven los demás?" y "¿cómo quiero parecer? ". Resultados: en promedio, los hombres se perciben en peso normal; en cambio, las mujeres se perciben con sobrepeso. En promedio, los hombres fueron meso-endomórficos, mientras que las mujeres endo-mesomórficas. Conclusión: la forma corporal medida como somatotipo, ICC y CC fueron excelentes determinantes de la imagen corporal. Los participantes que presentaron mayor endomorfia, mayor ICC, mayor CC y menor ectomorfia tuvieron una mayor apreciación de sobrepeso u obesidad, y el deseo de verse más delgados. AbstractIntroduction and objectives: Body shape (BSP) and body image (BI) are part of the external physical structure, then modifications in body shape necessarily affect body image; however, both combined have not been studied. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the statistical relationship between BSP and BI in university students. Method: Two hundred and ninety-six participants (17-35 years) were included in this study. Different anthropometric measurements were used to define their somatotype (BSP), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC). In addition, a questionnaire on body image perception was applied (McElhone et al.), regarding "how do I look?", "how do I think others see me?", "how do others see me?", and "how do I want to look like?" Results: On average, men perceived themselves in normal weight; in contrast, women perceived themselves as overweight. Men were meso-endomorphic, while women were endo-mesomorphic as an average. Conclusion: Body shape measured as somatotype as well as WC and WHR were excellent determinants of body image. Participants who presented a higher endomorphy, WC and WHR and a lower ectomorphy had a higher appreciation of being overweight or obese and wish to become thinner.
Body shape, image, and composition are three different but related concepts used to describe people. Body shape, also known as somatotype, represents the tangible body, which can be externally observed and measured without destroying or hurting it. On the contrary, body image represents the subjective and intangible human nature, a construct that we try to define by applying validated scientific tools-a set of dimensions easily affected by psychological perception. Instead, body composition represents the physical parts grouped into similar compartments. Due to the fact that it cannot be observed or measured with the naked eye, and in order to reduce measurement error, we try to measure them with the highest and most accurate available technology. Shape, image, and composition affect sport's performance. Sports literature mentions, sometimes interchangeably, form, image, and body composition. So when we refer to them we have to distinguish them. Social, political, economic, cultural, educational, and genetic factors influence them. Technological advances in determining the shape and composition are reliable, but not the ones for body image, which needs further development. In this paper, the interrelation of these three aspects is described, with health and sport's ambit indicators.
Determinación de la intensidad y el gasto calórico de la actividad física durante el recreo escolar en niños y niñas de primaria Zuñiga-Galaviz et al.
Aim: To evaluate the predictive value of Borg’s category ratio-scale (CR-10; 1-10) toward the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). Methods: 91 young Mexicans performed three non-consecutive sub-maximal exercise tests. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate and oxygen uptake were recorded at each CR-10 rating. Regression equations, reliable HR and CR-10 cut-off points of OBLA were then calculated. Results: HR (86 beats/min) and CR-10 (4.5) predicted OBLA with the same certainty, regardless the subject’s body mass. CR-10, HR and oxygen uptake, independently explained more than 60% of the associated variance to OBLA. Conclusions: CR-10 is useful to predict OBLA with almost the same certainty that HR, regardless the subject’s body mass.
El uso diferencial de sustratos energéticos (lípidos y carbohidratos) durante la competencia deportiva se ha propuesto como un factor determinante del rendimiento deportivo. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tiene por objetivos: (i) describir la asociación de la máxima oxidación de grasas (MFO) y su correspondiente intensidad (FATmax) con indicadores del rendimiento deportivo en atletas de resistencia, (ii) reportar el fenotipo metabólico de atletas pertenecientes a diferentes disciplinas deportivas. Resultados: La FATmax y MFO están directamente asociadas entre sí, sin embargo, solo la MFO esta positivamente asociada con el tiempo de carrera en atletas de triatlón, esquiadores profesionales a campo traviesa y corredores de ultramaraton. En dichas poblaciones, el máximo consumo de oxigeno (VO2max) muestra una correlación positiva con la MFO, mientras que la edad esta inversamente asociada a MFO. Tanto la FATmax como la MFO han sido estudiados en pocas disciplinas deportivas. Por otro lado, la MFO difiere entre atletas de distintas disciplinas deportivas, siendo superior en corredores de larga distancia y esquiadores profesionales vs. ciclistas (0.55±0.09 vs. 0.48±0.05 g∙min-1), a pesar de similitudes en el VO2max y la masa libre de grasa. Aunque la MFO reportada en atletas de balonmano, voleibol y baloncesto (0.59±0.24 g∙min-1), así como en futbolistas profesionales (0.69±0.15 g∙min-1), es superior a los valores observados en corredores de larga distancia y esquiadores de elite. Conclusión: La relación de la MFO y la FATmax con el rendimiento deportivo varía según la edad, disciplina deportiva y el sexo de los atletas, observándose un fenotipo metabólico particular para cada disciplina deportiva. Por lo tanto, además de medir el VO2max y la intensidad de trabajo correspondiente al umbral de lactato o segundo umbral ventilatorio se recomienda incorporar la MFO y FATmax en las evaluaciones fisiológicas de los atletas para optimizar su rendimiento físico. Palabras clave: deporte, fisiología del ejercicio, alto rendimiento deportivo, metabolismo, entrenamiento físico. Abstract: The differential use of energy substrates (lipids and carbohydrates) during sports competitions has been proposed to determine sports performance. Therefore, this review has the objectives: (i) describe the association of maximum oxidation of fats (MFO) and its corresponding intensity (Fatmax) with indicators of sports performance in resistance athletes, (ii) report the Metabolic athlete phenotype belonging to different sports disciplines. Both FATmax and MFO have been studied in a few sports disciplines. Results: Fatmax and MFO are directly associated with each other; however, only the MFO was positively associated with the career time in triathlon athletes, professional skiers with a mischievous field, and ultramarathon runners. In these populations, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) positively correlates with the MFO, while age is inversely associated with MFO. Although the MFO reported in handball, volleyball, and basketball athletes (0.59±0.24 g∙min-1), as well as in professional players (0.69±0.15 g∙min-1), MFO is superior to the values observed in long-distance corridors and elite skiers. On the other hand, the MFO differs between athletes from different sports disciplines, being superior in long-distance corridors and professional skiers vs. cyclists (0.55±0.09 vs. 0.48±0.05 g∙min-1), despite similarities in the VO2max and fat-free mass. Conclusion: The relationship of the MFO and the Fatmax with sports performance varies according to age, sports discipline, and the sex of athletes, observing a particular metabolic phenotype for each sports discipline. Therefore, in addition to measuring the VO2max and the work intensity corresponding to the lactate threshold or second ventilatory threshold, it is recommended to incorporate the MFO and Fatmax in the physiological evaluations of the athletes to optimize their physical performance. Keywords: sport, exercise physiology, high sports performance, metabolism, physical training.
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