Flavor composition has been defined as a complex attribute of fruit quality, in which the mix of sugars, acids and volatiles play a primary role. In table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), sweetness and sourness are the most important flavor attributes for fresh consumption. However, most of the studies available have been performed on wine grapes, which are grown, cultured and processed differently to table grapes. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the changes in sugars and organic acids during the development of 'Thompson Seedless', 'Red Globe' and 'Crimson Seedless' grown under the same agroclimatic conditions. Each variety was sampled weekly from 2 wk before véraison until commercial harvest. Sugars and organic acids were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) and ultra violet detector, respectively. The ranges of acid and sugars concentrations found in grapes were as follows: tartaric acid, 1. . Among sugars, glucose was the most abundant one in early stages and then it decreased until the harvest period, when the amount of fructose and glucose converged to an average of 47% for each sugar. Despite organic acids reaching steady levels 3-4 wk before commercial harvest, there were important differences in the organic acid profiles among varieties, with 'Thompson Seedless' showing the lowest tartaric/malic acid ratio of 1.19. These differences are an important aspect in terms of overall flavor.

ABSTRACT. Biology and thermal requirements to Trichogramma spp. selection for Ecdytolopha aurantiana control. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 as agents of control of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an important Citrus pest in São Paulo State (South-East Brazil). In order to provide subsidies to programs of biological control with these parasitoids, studies of biology in different temperatures, thermal requirements and parasitism capacity were carried out. The temperatures (18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32ºC) did not affect the sex ratio, however, female longevity of both species was higher at 22 and 25ºC. The temperature of 25°C tended to be more suitable to both emergency rate and female longevity. The egg-adult period for both Trichogramma species was inversely proportional to temperature. The thermal requirements of the two species were very close, about 108 DD (degree days). Neither the natural rearing host, E. aurantiana, nor the alternative host Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), affected the number of parasitized eggs per Trichogramma female. The parasitism rate and the number of emerged adults per egg on E. aurantiana eggs were higher than on A. kuehniella eggs. However, the emergency rate was higher when the parasitoids were reared on A. kuehniella eggs. Both Trichogramma species could be tested in the field for citrus fruit borer control. The thermal requirements and the parasitism capacity also could be good parameters for selection of Trichogramma species/strains.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que a cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) serve como reservatório natural dos molicutes (Spiroplasma kunkelii e fitoplasma) que infetam o milho (Zea mays) no Mato Grosso do Sul, após períodos prolongados de pousio. Nas safras 1997/98 e 1998/99, avaliou-se a infetividade natural de migrantes desse inseto vetor em plantios de primavera (novembro/dezembro) da região de Anastácio (MS), onde não se cultiva o milho na entressafra (abril a setembro), em duas situações distintas: (A) áreas onde o milho era plantado anualmente a partir de outubro, e (B) áreas onde o milho não era cultivado há vários anos. Cigarrinhas foram coletadas no campo e confinadas em plântulas sadias de milho, em casa de vegetação, para a inoculação dos patógenos. Após 50-60 dias, as plantas-teste foram avaliadas quanto a sintomas diagnósticos de S. kunkelii e por PCR para detecção de fitoplasma. Através dos bionsaios de transmissão, detectou-se S. kunkelii e fitoplasma em 2 a 20% e 1 a 4% dos indivíduos coletados, respectivamente. O aparecimento de adultos infetivos logo após a germinação da cultura, inclusive nas áreas onde o milho não era cultivado há vários anos, sugere que os molicutes foram transportados na entressafra por indivíduos migratórios de D. maidis.