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Abundant waste agricultural residues such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) can provide alternative sources of biomass for producing furfural. The aims of this study were to propose a method of preparing furfural and dissolving pulp (DP) from EFB using prehydrolysis with nitric acid, and to examine how the prehydrolysate, which contains xylan, can be used for furfural production. The furfural yield in the nitric acid prehydrolysate was increased to 6.2% of the EFB material weight by dehydration with an acid catalyst. Nitric acid prehydrolysis followed by soda cooking under atmospheric pressure was also applied to the preparation of DP. The obtained pulp was then bleached by using peroxymonosulfuric acid (Psa), chlorine dioxide (D0, D1), and hydrogen peroxide (Ep) in the elementary chlorine-free Psa-D0-Ep-D1 sequence. The pulp demonstrated a brightness of 90.4% ISO and a viscosity of 6.5 cP, which met the National Standard of Indonesia, although the xylan content was a little high and the α-cellulose content was 83.0%.

The availability of coconut shell waste in Rongkop, Gunungkidul has the opportunity to be processed into several products, including liquid smoke products, in one month production requires ± 1000 coconuts to be made. Liquid smoke is obtained from smoke condensation in the pyrolysis process. The liquid smoke contains phenol group compounds, acid groups, and carbonyl groups such as those found in natural smoke. All three can simultaneously act as antioxidants and antimicrobials as well as providing a distinctive color and flavor effect of smoke on food products. In this study, the pyrolysis process was implemented with variations in the heating temperature at 200°C; 250°C; 300°C with 8 hours of cooking time, and 1-5 cm of coconut shell size, 5.87% moisture content with 5 kg process capacity. This pyrolysis process produces a dark brown liquid with an average pH value of 3. Each of the pyrolysis liquid fumes is analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to determine the chemical components inside. From the results showed, there were 16 chemical components identified at 200°C, the largest component was Acetic acid at 51.6%, 30 chemical components were identified at 250°C, the largest component was Acetic acid 50.88%, 48 chemical components were identified at 300°C, and the largest component Acetic acid at 39.98%.

In this study, bentonite modified by zirconium nitride (ZrN) and zirconium phosphide (ZrP) catalysts was studied in the hydrocracking of crude palm oil to biofuels.

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Research was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and fermentation time of crude cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei on straw substrate. The research was arranged in a randomized complete factorial design consisting of two factors. The first factor is the temperature of fermentation consists of two levels, 27 o C and 37 o C. The second factor is the time fermentation consists of three levels, namely 5 d, 7 d, and 9 d. The results showed that the temperature and fermentation period significantly affect the observed parameters on crude cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei. The optimal treatment combination to produce crude cellulase with maximum activity is at 27 o C and fermentation time of 9 d with an average value of cellulase activity (filter paperase) and soluble protein respectively 0.041 193 7 unit mL 1 and 0.021 613 mg mL 1 .

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kondisi pertumbuhan optimum pH, suhu, dan waktu inkubasi dari Aspergillus niger FNCC 6018 untuk produksi enzim selulase kasar dengan aktivitas spesifik maksimum pada substrat bagas tebu. Aktivitas spesifik maksimum A. niger FNCC 6018 dioptimasi dengan perlakuan variasi pH 5, 6, 7; suhu 27, 37, 50°C dan waktu inkubasi 5, 7, 9 hari. Kondisi optimum yang diperoleh digunakan untuk memproduksi enzim selulase kasar dan selanjutnya digunakan dalam proses produksi bioetanol. Produksi bioetanol dilakukan dengan metode Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) pada suhu ruang, pH 5, selama 5 hari menggunakan substrat bagas tebu, enzim selulase kasar A. niger FNCC 6018, khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae FNCC 3012, dan medium SSF. Pada akhir tahap SSF, kadar glukosa diukur dengan metode DNS (Dinitro Salisilat) sedangkan kadar etanol diukur dengan metode Gas Chromatography.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk produksi enzim selulase kasar A. niger FNCC 6018 berada pada pH 5, suhu 37oC, waktu inkubasi 9 hari dengan aktivitas spesifik selulase kasar sebesar 0.107 U/mg. Kadar glukosa dan etanol maksimal dengan metode SSF adalah 0.59 mg/mL dan 1.217%. Metode ini cukup potensial untuk produksi bioetanol dari bagas tebu.