RESUMOEste experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar algumas características da silagem de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu) submetida a diferentes tempos de emurchecimento. O delineamento experimental usado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram tempos de emurchecimento de zero, duas, quatro e seis horas após o corte, em pleno sol. A gramínea foi colhida com aproximadamente 90 dias de rebrota e permaneceu ensilada por 40 dias em silos experimentais de canos de PVC. Determinaram-se os valores de pH, poder tampão (PT) e os teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH 3 ). Pelas características analisadas, pôde-se concluir que o capim-marandu ensilado após emurchecimento de 1,32 a 3,02 horas pode ser satisfatoriamente armazenado na forma de silagem, conciliando vantagens operacionais e de qualidade da forragem. Termos para indexação:Emurchecimento, matéria seca, nitrogênio amoniacal, pH, proteína bruta. ABSTRACTThe experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate some characteristics of the silage of marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu) submitted to different wilting times. The completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates was used. The treatments were wilting time of zero, two, four and six hours after the cut, in broad sunligth. The grass was harvested after 90 days of sprouting and stored for 40 days in experimental silos of PVC tube. pH values, buffer power (BC) and contents of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and ammonium nitrogen (N-NH 3 ) were determined. The analyzed characteristics allowed to conclude that marandu grass stored after wilting of 1,32 at 3,02 hours, could be preserved satisfactorily in the form of silage, conciliating operationals advantages and forage quality. Index terms:Wilting, dry matter, ammonium nitrogen, pH, crude protein. INTRODUÇÃOAs forrageiras tropicais apresentam elevada produção de matéria seca, com estacionalidade marcante entre as estações das "águas" e "seca". A estacionalidade determina distribuição desuniforme da produção ao longo do ano, indicando grande potencial para conservação de forragens por meio da ensilagem e/ou fenação. Entretanto, essas forrageiras apresentam baixo teor de matéria seca, alto poder-tampão e baixo teor de carboidratos solúveis nos estágios de crescimento em que apresentam bom valor nutritivo, colocando em risco o processo de conservação por meio da ensilagem, devido às possibilidades de surgirem fermentações secundárias.A remoção parcial de água da planta, por meio do emurchecimento ou pré-secagem, pode ser uma opção interessante, por proporcionar condições ideais para o crescimento de bactérias láticas, e assim permitir que o excedente da forragem produzida nas pastagens ou em áreas de cultivo exclusivas para o corte possa ser armazenado e utilizado na alimentação dos animais durante o período de escassez (PEREIRA e REIS, 2001).A produção de silagem pré-secada é considerada atualmente uma ferramenta indispensável pa...

We investigated the effects of replacing ground corn (GRC) with incremental amounts of liquid molasses (LM) on milk enterolactone concentration, antioxidant enzymes activity in plasma, production, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and nutrient utilization in Jersey cows fed flaxseed meal and low-starch diets. Sixteen multiparous organically certified Jersey cows averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 101 ± 45 d in milk, 462 ± 38 kg of body weight, and 19.8 ± 3.90 kg/d of milk in the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Diets were fed as total mixed rations consisting (dry matter basis) of 52% grass-legume baleage, 8% grass hay, 8.5% soyhulls, 2.5% roasted soybean, 15% flaxseed meal, and 2% minerals-vitamins premix. The GRC-to-LM dietary ratios (dry matter basis) were 12:0, 8:4, 4:8, and 0:12. Orthogonal polynomials were used to test linear, quadratic, and cubic effects using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The milk concentration of enterolactone tended to respond cubically, thus suggesting that replacing GRC with LM did not affect this lignan in milk. The plasma activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase did not differ, but superoxide dismutase activity tended to respond cubically with feeding increasing amounts of LM. Dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk fat, true protein, and lactose decreased linearly with substituting GRC for LM. Whereas the concentrations of milk fat and milk true protein did not differ across treatments, milk lactose content decreased linearly. Feeding incremental levels of LM reduced linearly the milk concentration of urea N and the amount of N excreted in urine, and tended to decrease linearly the concentration of plasma urea N. Apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral and acid detergent fiber did not differ across treatments, whereas digestibility of crude protein decreased linearly. Digestibility of starch responded linearly and quadratically, but the actual differences between treatments were too small to be biologically significant. Milk FA profile was substantially changed most notably by linear increases in cis-9,trans-11 18:2, cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3, Σ odd-chain FA, and the trans-11-to-trans-10 ratio, and linear decreases in cis-9 18:1 and cis-9,cis-12 18:2 when replacing GRC by incremental amounts of LM.

The objective of this study was to evaluate residual feed intake (RFI), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG) and their relationship with other traits of efficiency, performance, and economic analysis of sheep. Lambs (n = 102) were evaluated during 56 days and a herd consisting of 500 ewes was simulated with the mean of dry matter intake (DMI) and final body weight of the lambs, the same as that of the experimental lambs. The lambs were fed hay-based diet of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), corn, and soybean in the voluminous:concentrate ratio of 35:65. Residual feed intake and RIG were correlated with DMI, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency. Residual intake and body weight gain were positively correlated with average daily gain, relative growth rate, and Kleiber's rate. The most efficient production systems (lower RFI and higher RIG) had lower costs and higher profit margins. The net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) were higher in systems with more efficient lambs. In systems with less efficient lambs, NPV and IRR were negative and lower, respectively. Efficient animals for RFI and RIG showed satisfactory performance and better economic results.

No abstract

Foram simulados quatro sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte a partir de dados zootécnicos e econômicos de uma fazenda de ciclo completo situada no município de Corinto, região central de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se o programa de simulação bioeconômica Embrapec. Os sistemas simulados foram: ciclo completo com uso de cruzamento industrial (CompCRUZA), ciclo completo exclusivamente com zebuíno (CompZEBU), ciclo de cria com uso de cruzamento industrial (CriaCRUZA), ciclo de cria exclusivamente com zebuíno (CriaZEBU). No sistema com cruzamento industrial, os animais eram vendidos logo após a desmama, com oito meses (CriaCRUZA), ou abatidos aos 13 meses (CompCRUZA). No sistema com rebanho zebu, os animais eram também vendidos à desmama (CriaZEBU) ou abatidos aos 24 meses (CompZEBU). As bezerras foram recriadas, e uma parcela (15%), descartada para a venda. A quantidade de animais em um rebanho estabilizado foi 13,1% e 10,7% menor nos sistemas cruzados, completo e cria, respectivamente; porém a quantidade (kg) de carcaça vendida/ha (49,9 para CriaCRUZA e 118,1 para CompCRUZA) e a taxa de desfrute (24,4%) foram em média 15,3% maior que zebuínos. A taxa interna de retorno e o valor presente líquido foram superiores para os sistemas que adotaram o cruzamento de zebuínos com raças europeias, CriaCRUZA (17,2% e R$ 10.151.896,54) e CompCRUZA (18,9% e R$ 11.749.329,42). Quando comparados os sistemas de produção, os que utilizaram ciclo completo, o CompCRUZA (18,9% e R$ 11.749.329,42) e CompZEBU (16,2% e R$ 9.568.293,51), foram em média 18,7% maiores que os de cria, quando comparados com o mesmo grupo genético, CriaCRUZA (17,2% e R$ 10.151.896,54) e CriaZEBU (14,6% e R$ 7.955.230,38). Todos os sistemas de produção simulados foram economicamente viáveis, sendo que o sistema de produção CompCRUZA foi que apresentou maior viabilidade econômica e com melhores indicadores zootécnicos.

-The study evaluated the average return on invested capital (ROIC) in function of the variations in the historical prices of beef cattle and the odds of return on that capital gain within the system of beef cattle fattening on a farm in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2004 to 2007. To calculate the risk of ROIC, monthly data of beef cattle prices (BM&F) were used from July 1997 to December 2013, revised by the General Price Index of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas in December 2013. The corrected data were divided into five classes that correspond to the risk scenarios. In light of these classes, the observed frequencies and their respective probabilities were calculated. The cumulative and updated ROIC were -3.02 and 0.24%, respectively. The odds for obtaining returns above 8.4% (Brazilian Selic Rate) per year were median, corresponding to 32.0 and 34.94% for the calculation of operating profit (ROIC OP) and total profit (ROIC TP), respectively. The expected average annual return was 6.26 and 7.66% for ROIC OP and ROIC TP, respectively. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation showed a high risk of ROIC because the scale and extent of dispersion per unit of expected return were elevated in the accumulation period and the risk for 2013 was reduced according to the price of beef cattle. The expected risk of ROIC was considered high between 2004 and 2007 and average for 2013. The probability of return on capital invested in the intensification of fattening beef cattle is a function of the selling price of cattle and purchase of inputs, in which the high scenario ranching provides greater probability of getting a return above the bank interest rates.

No abstract