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Stocking density and water salinity on pacamã larvicultureAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of stocking density and water salinity levels on Lophiosilurus alexandri (pacamã) larvae rearing fed with Artemia sp. nauplii. Three stocking densities were used: 20, 40 and 60 larvae L -1 (D 20 , D 40 and D 60 , respectively). For each density, three different levels of salinity were tested: freshwater (S 0 ), 2‰ (S 2 ) and 4‰ (S 4 ), in a completely randomized design, in a 3x3 factorial scheme, with three replications. The growth, survival, mortality, cannibalism, production and nonionized ammonia levels were evaluated. The nonionized ammonia levels were higher at D 40 and D 60 . At 10 days of feeding, the weight was affected negatively in D 40 and D 60 associated to higher water salinity (S 4 ). The higher survival was verified in D 20 S 2 treatment, while smaller values were found in S 4 , regardless of the density used. Small mortality rate and no cannibalism were observed. The juvenile final production was also influenced by the evaluated variables. Larvae of L. alexandri can be reared, during the first ten days of exogenous feeding, in freshwater or slightly saline water (2‰) with higher juvenile production at density D 60 .

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RESUMO -O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de desenvolver técnicas de manejo durante a larvicultura de trairão, realizando cultivos em água doce ou ligeiramente salinizada, utilizando náuplios de Artemia como alimento vivo. No início da alimentação exógena, oito dias após a eclosão, as larvas foram contadas e estocadas em 12 recipientes com volume útil de 1,5 L cada, dotados de sistema de aeração, numa densidade de 10 larvas/L, distribuídos dentro de três tanques de 130 L, contendo água com temperatura controlada (29,5°C). Os tanques foram totalmente cobertos com lona plástica preta, mantendo o ambiente interno escuro, e descobertos somente para os manejos diários. As larvas foram submetidas a três tratamentos: cultivo em água doce; em água a 2‰ de salinidade; e em água a 4‰ de salinidade. Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições. A alimentação foi fornecida nas proporções diárias de 300 náuplios de Artemia/ larva, do primeiro ao quinto dia, de 600 náuplios de Artemia/larva, do sexto ao décimo dia e de 900 náuplios de Artemia/larva, do décimo primeiro ao décimo quinto dia, divididos em três refeições. Ao final do experimento, foram avaliadas a sobrevivência, o crescimento (comprimento e peso), a taxa de crescimento específico e a taxa de resistência ao estresse. Após 15 dias de tratamento, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os resultados das variáveis analisadas. As condições de cultivo mostraram-se eficientes, possibilitando altas taxas de sobrevivência (valores médios superiores a 91,6%), sendo a Artemia um alimento atrativo. Os níveis de salinidade utilizados não afetaram o desenvolvimento das larvas e alevinos.Palavras-chave: trairão, Hoplias lacerdae, larvicultura, salinidade, canibalismo, Artemia Trairao (Hoplias lacerdae) Larviculture in Slightly Saline FreshwaterABSTRACT -The objective of this work was the development of larviculture handling technics to rear trairao in slightly saline freshwater, with Artemia nauplii as live food. At the beginning of exogenous feeding, eight days after hatching, trairao larvae were counted and stocked in twelve 1.5-L vessels, equipped with aeration, at 10 larvae/L density. The vessels were distributed in three 130-L tanks filled with controlled temperature water (29.5°C). The tanks were covered with black plastic to keep the environment dark, and uncovered only for daily management. The larvae were submitted to three treatments with four replicates, as follows: freshwater culture; water with 2‰ salinity; and water with 4‰ salinity. For the first five days, larvae were fed 300 Artemia nauplii/larvae. In the subsequent five days, larvae were fed 600 Artemia nauplii/larvae, and from the 11 th to the 15 th day, 900 Artemia nauplii/larvae, divided in three portions. At the end of the experiment, survival, growth (length and weight), specific growth rates and stress resistence rate were evaluated. At the end of 15 days of culture, no significant differences were observed among analyzed results of the different treatments. Rearing conditions were effic...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and survival of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, larvae reared in different salinities and to determine the Artemia nauplii life span in freshwater and in saline water. First feeding 5‐d‐old pacu larvae were reared in freshwater or at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 ppt salinities. The larvae were reared in 1.5‐L aquaria at a density of 10 larvae/L with three replicates per treatment. After 10 d of rearing, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for growth and survival. Larval growth was higher at 2 and 4 ppt, and survival at 2 ppt was 100%. In freshwater and at 4, 6 and 8 ppt, the survival was 91.1, 93.3, 73.3, and 39.9%, respectively. At higher salinities, there was 100% mortality after 2 h (12 and 14 ppt) and 8 h (10 ppt) of exposure. The slightly saline water of at least 2 ppt increased the Artemia nauplii life span compared to the life span in freshwater. Later, in a second trial, 5‐d‐old pacu larvae were reared in freshwater and at 2 and 4 ppt salinities during the first 5 or 10 d of active feeding, and then the fish were transferred to freshwater. At the end of 15 d, larval growth was lower in freshwater (42 mg) than in treatments 2 and 4 ppt (59–63 mg). The abrupt transfer of fish from freshwater to slightly saline water and the return to freshwater did not affect the survival rates (89–97%). The larvae were able to adapt to these saline environments and handle abrupt changes in salt concentration. We concluded that salinity concentration of 2 ppt can be used for pacu larval rearing, allowing the Artemia nauplii lifetime to last longer and cause faster fish growth.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de água levemente salinizada sobre a larvicultura intensiva do tambaqui, matrinxã, apaiari e piau, durante os dias iniciais de alimentação. As larvas foram mantidas em água artificialmente salinizada, em concentrações de 0 (água doce) a 14 g L -1 de NaCl (intervalo de 2,0 g L -1 ), e foram alimentadas com duas porções diárias de náuplios de Artemia, de acordo com protocolo para cada espécie, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Larvas de tambaqui, matrinxã e apaiari podem ser cultivadas em até 2 g L -1 de concentração salina, sem prejuízos ao crescimento e à sobrevivência. Larvas de piau foram mais tolerantes e suportaram até 4 g L -1 de concentração salina. Acima disto, a mortalidade dos peixes aumentou e chegou a 100% à concentração de 6 g L -1 (matrinxã e apaiari) e de 10 g L -1 (tambaqui). A salinização da água a 2 g L -1 proporcionou maior taxa de sobrevivência a larvas de matrinxã e maior crescimento a larvas de tambaqui, apaiari e piau. Estas duas últimas espécies apresentaram melhor crescimento com a maior quantidade de náuplios. Água salinizada a 2 g L -1 é benéfica para as espécies estudadas, pois otimiza o potencial de crescimento das larvas e o uso de náuplios de Artemia como alimento vivo. Termos para indexação: Astronotus ocellatus, Brycon amazonicus, Colossoma macropomum, Leporinus macrocephalus, alimento vivo, náuplios de Artemia. Slightly saline water increases the larviculture efficiency of freshwater Neotropical fishAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of slightly saline water in an intensive larviculture of tambaqui, matrinxã, apaiari, and piau, during the initial days of active feeding. Larvae were reared in artificial saline water, at concentrations from 0 (freshwater) to 14 g L -1 NaCl (at a 2.0 g L -1 ), and fed with two portions of Artemia nauplii, following a specific protocol for each species, in a completely randomized design, with 3 replicates. Tambaqui, matrinxã and apaiari larvae can be reared at saline concentrations till 2 g L -1 without impairing growth and survival. Piau larvae were more tolerant and endured saline water until 4 g L -1 . At saline concentrations above that, fish mortality increased and reached 100% at 6 g L -1 , for matrinxã and apaiari, and at 10 g L -1, for tambaqui. Saline water at 2 g L -1 provided a higher survival for matrinxã, and higher growth for tambaqui, apaiari and piau. These last two species showed a better growth performance with the highest quantity of nauplii. Slightly saline water at 2 g L -1 is beneficial to these studied species, as it optimizes larval growth potential and the use of Artemia nauplii as live food.

The effects of different water flow rates and feed training on the production of "pacamã" Lophiosilurus alexandri juveniles were evaluated. In the first experiment, nine day post-hatch larvae (n= 2,400) were stocked at a density of 5 larvae/L. Different water flow (F) rates were tested: F 1 = 180; F 2 = 600; F 3 = 1,300; and F 4 = 2,600mL/min. Artemia nauplii were offered as food during the first 15 days of active feeding. In the second experiment for feed training, 720 juveniles (total length of 22.2mm) were stocked at a density of 1.5 juveniles/L. A water flow rate similar to F 1 was used. The use of extruded dry diet was tested, and feed training was done with and without other enhanced flavors (Artemia nauplii or Scott emulsion). The water flow rates did not influence the survival or growth of L. alexandri. Cannibalism occurred during feed training. The worst survival, specific growth rate and high mortality were found with the use of extruded dry diet, while similar values were registered with the different feed training diets used. Reduced water flow rate can be used to lower water consumption during larviculture and feed training of L. alexandri.Keywords: feed training, juvenile production, larviculture, Lophiosilurus alexandri, water flow RESUMO Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes fluxos de água e do condicionamento alimentar sobre a produção de juvenis de pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri. Larvas com nove dias pós-eclosão (n=2.400) foram estocadas na densidade de 5 larvas/L. Diferentes fluxos (F) de água foram testados