Composted organic wastes have been shown to reduce emissions of N2O and CH4, but little is known about the release of these gases during the composting process. This research examined the emissions of N2O and CH4 during the composting of liquid swine manure and wheat straw at two operations, one with forced aeration and the other without. The lack of aeration increased CH4 emissions to 24 times that of composting with aeration, but had no significant effect on N2O production. When total N2O and CH4 emissions from composting were compared with liquid swine manure emissions, aerated composting was found to reduce emissions to as low as 30% of those from liquid manure storage, while non-aerated composting elevated emissions up to an estimated 330% of liquid manure storage.
. 2002. Influence of composts and liquid pig manure on CO 2 and N 2 O emissions from a clay loam soil. Can. J. Soil. Sci. 82: 395-401. Application of raw animal manure to agricultural land has resulted in environmental and health problems. Alternatives, such as composting, are now being developed to alleviate this situation. However, very little information is available regarding the fate of composts when added to fine-textured and poorly drained soils, especially with respect to the initial decomposition of composts and their effects on soil-derived CO 2 and N 2 O emissions. We evaluated food waste compost (FW), yard waste compost (YW), liquid pig manure (LPM), LPM + yard waste compost (PMY) and LPM + wheat straw compost (PMS). Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (RC) and an unamended control soil were also tested. The solid amendments were divided into ground and unground treatments. Carbon dioxide emissions were increased relative to the control soil for all treatments except PMY. Total CO 2 emissions over the 144-h incubation from unground material followed the pattern (P < 0.05): YW (849 mg CO 2 -C kg -1 soil) > RC (554 mg CO 2 -C kg -1 soil) > LPM (444 mg CO 2 -C kg -1 soil) > FW (203 mg CO 2 -C kg -1 soil) ≈ PMS (194 mg CO 2 -C kg -1 soil) ≈ PMY (157 mg CO 2 -C kg -1 soil). The RC, YW and PMS significantly increased N 2 O emissions compared to all other treatments and the control. Total N 2 O emissions from unground material over the 144-h incubation followed the pattern (P < 0.05): RC ≈ YW ≈ PMS (1230-1490 µg N 2 O-N kg -1 soil) > LPM ≈ FW ≈ PMY ≈ Control (44-404 µg N 2 O-N kg -1 soil). Grinding was found to increase CO 2 emissions from YW, PMY, PMS, and N 2 O emissions from RC. The CO 2 emissions were due primarily to amendment composition and not particle size, as the relative differences in CO 2 emission among ground and unground treatments remained nearly constant. Carbon dioxide emissions from LPM were reduced substantially by composting the manure with yard waste (PMY).
Public lands in Southern and Central Appalachia (SCA) available for outdoor recreational pursuits are limited relative to the rest of the country. This study identifies factors that encourage private landowners to permit public access to their land for recreational purposes and determines how much acreage would be offered in the SCA region. The Tobit and Heckman's sample selection models suggest that the probability of offering land to the public is correlated with the number of acres offered. Having acreage suited for recreation is a positive determinant of acres leased, but attributes developed by the landowner act as a disincentive. Type of recreational activity has no effect on the landowner's decision, and the supply of recreational acreage is inelastic with respect to price.
This study was carried out on two beef farms in southwestern Ontario. Beef mortalities were composted using the current recommended practices for Ontario. Three substrate materials were evaluated: bedded cattle manure, wood shavings and corn silage. Small compost piles, each holding 2 or 3 mortalities, were created on an earth base. Large square bales were used for at least 3 walls of each pile. Temperatures inside the piles were recorded throughout the cycle. At the 6 month period, the piles were opened up and samples collected for analysis. This was repeated at the one-year period, when the composting process was assumed to be complete. Results will be presented on the labour inputs, costs, chemical and microbial analysis results, management challenges, visual indicators and general practicality of using this disposal method for large carcasses on cattle farms. Papers presented before CSBE/SCGAB meetings are considered the property of the Society. In general, the Society reserves the right of first publication of such papers, in complete form; however, CSBE/SCGAB has no objections to publication, in condensed form, with credit to the Society and the author, in other publications prior to use in Society publications. Permission to publish a paper in full may be requested from the CSBE/SCGAB Secretary,
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