Cows that received an over-calorie diet in the final phase of lactation are prone to liver lipidosis. The task of our research is to study the dynamics of cholesterol and triglycerides in cows with fatty hepatosis during the transit period. A group of 20 dry cows was formed. In the blood serum of cows, the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was studied twice before calving (15–20 days and 5–10 days) and twice after calving (5–10 days and 20–25 days). After research was formed two groups. The first group included 8 cows, which were killed 7–43 days after calving. They had signs of liver lipidosis. The diagnosis of fatty hepatosis was confirmed by the results of a histological examination of the liver. The second group included the remaining 12 cows. At the beginning of the study, the cows of the first and second groups had a cholesterol concentration of 4.06±0.23 and 3.62±0.23 mmol/l, and triglycerides - 0.13±0.01 and 0.11±0.01 mmol/l. Further dynamics of indicators had features in each group. In cows with hepatosis, a gradual decrease in cholesterol to 1.83±0.07 mmol/l was observed. In the second group the indicator was 2.2 times higher (P < 0.01). Before calving, a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides is observed. A more significant decline was detected in cows of the first group—by 61.5% (P < 0.001). In cows of the second group, the index decreased only by 18.2%. After 5–10 days after calving, the concentration of triglycerides in both groups remained low. After 20–25 days in the first group, the index increased 2.3 times (P < 0.01), and in the second—1.25 times. Studies have revealed features of the lipid profile in cows with liver lipidosis.
The paper studies the impact of selenium organic preparation DAFS-25k on thyroid capacity in pregnant cows. A stud farm which the work is done in is a biogeochemical province distinguished by a sharp deficit of selenium and iodine in the diet. DAFS-25k had been implanted into the animals subcutaneously during 1 month 30 days before the predicted calving. A sterile 0.6 % DAFS-25k oil solution was used in doses containing 2 mg/cow/day, 6 mg/cow/day and 12 mg/cow/day. It was found that the cows' diet is deficient in iodine and selenium by 63 and 82 % respectively. Daily use of selenium in DAFS-25k in the dose range causes a decrease in the concentration of free thyroxine due to deiodination activating by selenium dependent deiodinases of the first and second types. Consequently, there is a progressive increase in the blood content of total triiodothyronine in all experimental animals as relating to the background values. In this case, the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone decreases in blood serum by the 30 th day according to the principle of negative feedback. In control animals, an increase in the serum concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone reached the point 1.8 by the 30 th day, total triiodothyronine increased by 14 and 19 % by the 21 st day and the 30 th day respectively, while the concentration of free thyroxine was reduced by 19 % by the 30 th day. The use of selenium in the setting of iodine deficiency leads to aggravation of iodine deficiency.
Maintaining reproductive health is an urgent task in intensive livestock farming. The study of the influence of pathogens of the Mycoplasmataceae family on the microecology and protective properties of the vagina is of particular interest. The studies were carried out on non-pregnant cows 3–4 years old. Was formed 2 groups of 8 animals each. The first group is healthy cows in which the PCR test for Mycoplasma spp. was negative. The second group - cows with a positive PCR test and serological identification of M. bovigenitalium, without pronounced clinical signs of vaginitis. In both groups of animals, vaginal secretions were collected from the vaginal wall using a special spoon. In secret, by the method of radial immunodiffusion in a gel according to Mancini, the content of immunoglobulins of classes Ig G, Ig M, Ig A and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was determined, as well as the activity of lysozyme - by the nephelometric method. The study showed that the content of Ig G and the total content of immunoglobulins in the vaginal secretion in healthy cows and cows with mycoplasmosis did not have significant differences. The concentration of Ig A in cows with mycoplasmosis was 0.018±0.001 g/l, which was 25% less than in healthy cows, but it turned out to be insignificant (P > 0.05). The content of Ig M and sIgA in secretion in healthy cows was 0.039±0.002 and 0.067±0.005 g/l, while in cows with mycoplasmosis it significantly increased by 38.5 and 43%, respectively. The activity of lysozyme in the secretion of healthy cows was 11.71±0.41%, while in infected cows it decreased by 2 times. With genital mycoplasmosis in cows, a quantitative redistribution of immunoglobulin classes and a decrease in lysozyme activity are observed in the vaginal secretion.
In veterinary practice, drugs containing pimobendan are often used to treat cardiac patients. This is due to the positive ionotropic and vasodilating effect of pimobendan. For service dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), increasing the ionotropic effect is of particular importance. It was assumed that increasing the dosage of pimobendan will increase the ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortering (FS) in animals with DCM, that is, an increase in heart rate. The study of these indicators was carried out using echocardiography using the Simpson disc method. In the instructions for using the drug, it is noted that the daily dose of pimobendan is 0.5 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight. A clinical study was conducted in which a high dosage of pimobendan was used ‐ 1 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight. The drug was used in oral form. The study involved 236 dogs. The study found that the use of high doses of pimobendan did not cause a pronounced positive effect, compared with the normal dosage of the active substance. Thus, FS relative to the initial level for animals taking 1 mg of pimobendan per 1 kg of body weight showed an increase by 10.3%, an increase in EF by 8.9%. In animals that received 0.5 mg of pimobendan per kg of body weight, FS increased 9.9% and EF increased 8.3%. The mean FS difference between animals taking 0.5 mg per kg of body weight and animals taking 1 mg of pimobendan per kg of body weight was only 0.4%, and the difference in EF was 0.6%, respectively. Among the side effects of high dosage of pimobendan were identified: nausea and vomiting in 3% of the dogs studied, tachycardia in 4% of the animals, and a decrease in blood pressure in 1% of dogs. However, some side effects have been reported in dogs treated with 0.5 mg pimobendan per kg body weight. Among them: vomiting and nausea in 1% of the studied dogs, tachycardia in 1% of animals. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that the use of pimobendan gives an increase in FS by 9.9% and EF by 8.3%. Increasing the dosage of pimobendan by 2 times does not give a significant increase in the studied parameters.
Highly productive dairy farming requires strict adherence to the technology of feeding and keeping cows and competent herd management. Cows with liver pathologies during the transit period are tough to treat. We conducted studies of cows' health status after calving to identify biochemical signs of liver pathology and associated metabolic disorders. The survey of highly productive cows was carried out on four farms in the Leningrad region of the Russian Federation. Cows received different rations, differing in composition and nutritional value. A total of 108 animals were examined. Blood was taken from cows 10‐20 days after calving and examined in a biochemical laboratory for the content of metabolites, enzymes, hormones. The results of the study showed significant differences in the biochemical profile of cows in different farms. The incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in cows ranged from 12.5 to 45.8%. The severity of metabolic disorders was assessed depending on the degree of hyperbilirubinemia. It was found that the minor metabolic effects were observed in cows with bilirubin levels from 7 to 10 μmol / L (n = 11), which was accompanied by a slight increase in the concentration of β‐hydroxybutyrate (1.36 ± 0.12 mmol / L), as well as an increase in activity creatine phosphokinase (CK‐NAC) up to 319.3 ± 27.7 IU / L and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) up to 1193.9 ± 31.5 IU / L. The concentration of glucose and cholesterol was in the reference range. In cows of this group, the concentration of cortisol and thyroxine was within the reference limits (76.5 ± 2.5 and 50.3 ± 2.7 nmol / l, respectively). In the study of cows with a moderate degree of hyperbilirubinemia from 10.0 to 16.0 μmol / L (n = 9), a predisposition to a decrease in glucose levels to 2.03 ± 0.12 mmol / L was noted against the background of an increased content of β‐hydroxybutyrate 1.84 ± 0.13 mmol / L, the level of cholesterol in cows was 2.43 ± 0.21 mmol / L. The activity of LDH and CK‐NAC was 1310.8 ± 69.3 and 401.5 ± 41.9 IU / L, respectively. A decrease in thyroxine concentration was found in 33.3% of animals, an increase in cortisol concentration ‐ in 55.5% (mean group values ‐ 48.4 ± 3.4 and 78.8 ± 6.5 nmol / l). In cows with the highest degree of hyperbilirubinemia from 17.0 to 39.0 μmol / l (n = 8), the most severe metabolic consequences were revealed, which practically did not give hope for the restoration of body functions. All cows showed an increase in β‐hydroxybutyrate to 2.79 ± 0.39 mmol / L, a decrease in cholesterol concentration to 1.8 ± 0.06 mol / L in the absence of hypoglycemia. In cows, the activity of CPK (1140.7 ± 222.7 IU / L) and LDH (2150.1 ± 94.4 IU / L) are significantly increased. The concentration of thyroxine in the studied cows was 22.03 ± 2.0 nmol / l. All cows in this group showed hypercortisolemia (140.2 ± 11.4 nmol / l). The studies made it possible to identify the relationship between the degree of liver damage and dysregulation of almost all types of metabolism.
This paper presents experimental data on the effect of the drug Mexidol-Vet® on the course and outcome of acute radiation damage in rats caused by a single, general, external gamma radiation. There was a 20 % decrease in mortality in animals relative to the control values, activation of erythropoiesis, and a decrease in the severity of erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia with the use of Mexidol-Vet®. The supposed mechanism of radioprotective and therapeutic action is the pronounced antioxidant and membrane-protective properties of the drug.
Mastitis in cows in the farms of the Russian Federation cause great economic damage. Economic losses include the cost of treating cows and the cost of recycled milk. In the farms of the North-West region of the Russian Federation mastitis occurs in 20–30% of lactating cows. An important task is to find effective ways to prevent mastitis. The task of our research included the study of the effectiveness of external use of staphylococcal toxoid. For the experiment, 2 experimental groups of dry cows of 10 animals each were formed. For the first group of cows, 5 days before the expected date of calving, an ointment containing staphylococcal toxoid and dimethyl sulfoxide was applied to the area of the milk mirror. Udder treatment was performed once a day for five days. Cows of the second group were immunized with Starvac® vaccine in accordance with the instructions, twice during the dry period. The third group of cows (n = 20) was the control. After calving, the concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was examined in all cows. In cows of the first group, the concentration of immunoglobulins G, M and A in colostrum was 8.59 ± 0.9; 1.1 ± 0.13 and 5.42 ± 0.9 g / l, respectively. The concentration of immunoglobulins in cows of the first group was higher, on average, by 1.3–2.0 times in comparison with cows that were given the Starvac vaccine. In comparison with the control group, the growth of all classes of immunoglobulins was determined by 2.2 - 5.2 times (P < 0.01). The results obtained showed high efficacy of external use of staphylococcal toxoid together with dimethisulfoxide.
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