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This study examines the spectrum of lesions in the male breast at a tertiary care rural hospital in central India and explores the role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of these lesions. Male breast lesions formed 5.89% (119 cases) of the 2017 breast lesions which were sent for FNA in the cytology section over a period of 5 years (January 2005-December 2009). Of these, biopsy had been performed only on 37 (31.1%) patients. Benign lesions comprised 102 (85.7%) cases, malignant lesions comprised 14 (11.8%) cases and inflammation/abscess was found in 3 (2.5%) cases. Gynecomastia was the commonest benign lesion in 86 (84.3%) cases. The cytologic features of gynecomastia included mild to moderate cellularity, cohesive sheets of bland cells, bipolar bare nuclei. Mild nuclear atypia was found in 19 cases. The cytologic features of malignancy comprised of dyshesive groups of ductular cells with moderate to severe degree of nuclear atypia and absence of bare nuclei. Histology was done in 37 cases and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for gynecomastia was 100% and for malignancy 85.7%. This study showed that FNAC is a reliable tool for diagnosing male breast lesions. We conclude that FNAC should be performed as a standard procedure in the clinical evaluation of male breast masses. Many unnecessary surgical biopsies for histopathologic diagnosis can thus be avoided.

Background: Most diseases of the breast present as a palpable mass. The majority of breast lesions are not malignant, and most benign lesions do not progress to cancer; however, the accuracy of diagnosis can be increased by a combination of preoperative tests like physical examination, mammography, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and Trucut needle biopsy (TGNB) or core needle biopsy (CNB). FNAC has grown in popularity and became the first initial used procedure after history taking and clinical examination for diagnosis of solid and cystic breast lumps. This study was designated to investigate the accuracy of FNAC in comparison to TCNB for diagnosis of breast masses, Design: Retrospective Study.Methods: In this study, 62 patients having breast lumps were studied during the period from January 2014 to January 2017 in terms of FNAC and Trucut Biopsy and were compared with tissue diagnosis. Variables like age, marital status, duration, size, menstrual status and site were analyzed using statistical analysis.Results: Out of 62 patients with breast lump, 32 were diagnosed with Benign Breast lesions, and 30 with malignant lesions. Sensitivity of FNAC and TRUCUT biopsy were 84.34% and 97.1% respectively. TRUCUT was more accurate when compared to FNAC.Conclusions: Both FNAC and Core Needle Biopsy are complimentary to each other and are useful in diagnosis of breast lesions.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The aim of this study was to estimate serum magnesium levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlate it with complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus - glycemic control and retinopathy.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes, attending Government Medical College and associated Hospital, Jammu over a period of one year from 1st November, 2014 to 30th October, 2015. Detailed history including duration of diabetes, treatment mode, symptoms suggestive of retinopathy and associated diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease were obtained, as per the proforma, followed by physical examination.Results: Majority of patients (38%) of type-2 diabetes mellitus were in the age group of 51-60 years. Males constituting 71% with male to female ratio of 2.45:1. Complications were observed in 48 cases, which mainly included retinopathy 60.42% (all non-proliferative). Maximum patients (79%) had abnormal (>6.5%) glycosylated hemoglobin levels ranging from 6.5 to 12%. Patients with diabetic retinopathy had significantly higher prevalence of hypomagnesaemia compared to patients without retinopathy (58.62 % vs 18.31%).Conclusions: Prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in type 2 diabetes was 30% in the present study. The present study illustrates that as the magnesium level decreases in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, prevalence of retinopathy increases.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a global pandemic disease. The increased platelet activity is emphasized to play a role in the development of vascular complications of the metabolic disorder. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of average size and activity of platelets. This study was conducted to find correlation of platelet indices with HbA1c in diabetic patients with absence/presence of vascular complications.Methods: Total of 100 subjects was enrolled in the study. Sample for glucose estimation and platelet indices were collected and estimation were carried out by the auto-analyzers. The statistical evaluation is done using SPSS version 22. Student t- test was used for doing comparison between two variables namely HbA1c <7 and HbA1c ≥7 and diabetics with vascular complications v/s without vascular complications.Results: MPV, is significantly higher in patients with type -2 diabetes mellitus with HbA1C ≥7 and those with vascular complications in comparison to patients having HbA1c <7 and those without vascular complications ( p- value <0.001 which is highly significant).Conclusions: MPV might be used as a simple and cost-effective laboratory test in the follow up of diabetes mellitus along with HbA1c and thereby help to reduce the morbidity and mortality.

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Pulmonary cryptococcoma is a life threatening mycosis and is an unusual disease for immunocompetent individuals. Herein we report a case of large pulmonary cryptococcoma associated with cryptococcal meningitis, presenting radiologically as a lung mass in right upper lobe, in a previously healthy, HIV negative, immunocompetent young individual. Since cryptococcosis continues to be an important infection in HIV negative patients and is associated with substantial overall and cause-specific mortality, the need for consideration of this entity in the differential diagnosis of a lung mass is emphasized.

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