In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), efficient energy conservation is required to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this work, we have given emphasis on balanced energy consumption and energy holes avoidance. This paper proposes a multi-gateway-based approach to reduce the transmission distance between the sender and the sink node. The area to be monitored is divided into regions and gateway nodes are deployed at optimal positions. We have designed a transmission scheme, in which sensors in the sink region communicate directly to the sink, sensors in the gateway region communicate directly to the gateway, and sensors in the cluster region transmit their data directly to their respective cluster head which transmits data to the gateway in its region. If the distance between a cluster head and the sink is less than the distance between the cluster head and the gateway node, the cluster head transmits data to the sink instead of the gateway node. We have compared the proposed protocol with Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Gateway Based Energy Aware Multi-Hop Routing (M-GEAR), and Gateway Based Stable Election Protocol (GSEP) protocols. The protocol performs better than other protocols in terms of throughput, stability period, lifetime, residual energy, and the packet transmitted to the sink.
Background:
A significant issue of consideration in wireless sensor networks is to reduce the
energy utilization while preserving the required coverage and connectivity of an area of interest. We
have revised all patents relating to preserving of energy in sensor motes of the wireless sensor networks.
Methods:
We proposed a novel; Intelligent Water Drop based coverage-connectivity and lifespan protocol
which minimizes energy consumption of the network. In this routing protocol, sensors are partitioned
into the connected first layer and connected successive layer sets and a scheduling mechanism
has been used to activate and deactivate sensors. Multi-hoping is used to transmit packets from sensors
to the Base Station and sensor with maximum residual energy has been selected as the next hop. Power
wastage has been avoided by removing duplicate information through a common relay node.
Results:
We have derived the expected number of sensors required to cover an area of interest and our
protocol gives a long life to the network. A theorem has been provided to validate the results for different
communication ranges of sensors.
Conclusion:
The protocol has been compared with other protocols and it proved better than other protocols
in terms of the lifespan and the coverage ratio of the area. Results approve that our protocol reduces
the problem of energy holes and maintains the connectivity of the network.
Abstract-In recent years, there is advancement in the field of software engineering, applications are getting automated. As the software is error prone, there should some easy and automated way to test the software application. It is very challenging to test such complicated web applications. Human intervention can be reduced by using automation tools. Selenium is an online web based software testing tool. In this article, we have study the design and functioning of the selenium tool and used it to test various online applications. In order to test an application, testers do need not to learn the selenium web driver tool completely. This tool is helpful for a developer and tester, they can analyse their code owing to screen shot characteristics of framework. It generates the adapted test report to the tester. It is very simple to sustain and restore the test suite for new version of the application by this tool.
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